scholarly journals Candida albicans and non-albicans Isolates from Bloodstream Have Different Capacities to Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizbeth Campos-Garcia ◽  
Rocio Jimenez-Valdes ◽  
Romel Hernandez-Bello ◽  
Jose Palma-Nicolas ◽  
Gloria Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Differential Capacity ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
General Response

Neutrophils activated with pathogens or their products induce formation of extracellular traps (NETs), but if this constitutes a general response against all pathogenic species in a single genus or intrageneric differences exist remains unknown, yet this is of great importance for the establishment of effective treatments. To determine this, we analyzed neutrophil extracellular traps formation after the stimulation with bloodstream isolates from different Candida species (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata), and found that each species has a different capacity to induce DNA extrusion, which is independent of their morphology (yeast or hyphae). We observed that phospholipase producer’s strains and their secretion products were able to induce NETs, a property not observed with phospholipase deficient strains, with exception of some Candida glabrata sensu stricto isolates, which showed no NETs induction although they did show phospholipase production. To further analyze this, we extended our study to include Candida glabrata cryptic species (C. bracarensis and C. nivariensis) and no extracellular traps formation was observed. Here, we contribute to the understanding of how neutrophils initiate NETs, and we found that certain strains may have a differential capacity to trigger these structures, which may explain the high mortality of some isolates.

scholarly journals Myeloperoxidase is required for neutrophil extracellular trap formation: implications for innate immunity

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen D. Metzler ◽  
Tobias A. Fuchs ◽  
William M. Nauseef ◽  
Dominique Reumaux ◽  
Joachim Roesler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Extracellular Trap

AbstractThe granule enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays an important role in neutrophil antimicrobial responses. However, the severity of immunodeficiency in patients carrying mutations in MPO is variable. Serious microbial infections, especially with Candida species, have been observed in a subset of completely MPO-deficient patients. Here we show that neutrophils from donors who are completely deficient in MPO fail to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), indicating that MPO is required for NET formation. In contrast, neutrophils from partially MPO-deficient donors make NETs, and pharmacological inhibition of MPO only delays and reduces NET formation. Extracellular products of MPO do not rescue NET formation, suggesting that MPO acts cell-autonomously. Finally, NET-dependent inhibition of Candida albicans growth is compromised in MPO-deficient neutrophils. The inability to form NETs may contribute in part to the host defense defects observed in completely MPO-deficient individuals.

scholarly journals Inactivation of α1-proteinase inhibitor by Candida albicans aspartic proteases favors the epithelial and endothelial cell colonization in the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps.

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Gogol ◽  
Dominika Ostrowska ◽  
Kinga Klaga ◽  
Oliwia Bochenska ◽  
Natalia Wolak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Aspartic Proteases ◽  
Extracellular Traps

Candida albicans, a causative agent of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, uses ten secreted aspartic proteases (SAPs) to deregulate the homeostasis of the host organism on many levels. One of these deregulation mechanisms involves a SAP-dependent disturbance of the control over proteolytic enzymes of the host by a system of dedicated proteinase inhibitors, with one important example being the neutrophil elastase and alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI). In this study, we found that soluble SAPs 1-4 and the cell membrane-anchored SAP9 efficiently cleaved A1PI, with the major cleavage points located at the C-terminal part of A1PI in a close vicinity to the reactive-site loop that plays a critical role in the inhibition mechanism. Elastase is released by neutrophils to the environment during fungal infection through two major processes, a degranulation or formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Both, free and NET-embedded elastase forms, were found to be controlled by A1PI. A local acidosis, resulting from the neutrophil activity at the infection sites, favors A1PI degradation by SAPs. The deregulation of NET-connected elastase affected a NET-dependent damage of epithelial and endothelial cells, resulting in the increased susceptibility of these host cells to candidal colonization. Moreover, the SAP-catalyzed cleavage of A1PI was found to decrease its binding affinity to a proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8. The findings presented here suggest a novel strategy used by C. albicans for the colonization of host tissues and overcoming the host defense.

scholarly journals The The Effects of Cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamon Derivatives) and Nystatin on Candida Albicans and Candida Glabrata

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1067-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Bakhtiari ◽  
Soudeh Jafari ◽  
Jamileh Bigom Taheri ◽  
Tahereh Sadat Jafarzadeh Kashi ◽  
Zahra Namazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Microdilution Method

BACKGROUND: Candida species are the most common opportunistic fungal infections. Today, cinnamon plants have been considered for anti-Candida properties. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde extract (from cinnamon derivatives) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata species and comparison with nystatin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, cinnamaldehyde and nystatin were used. The specimens included Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were measured for each one by the microdilution method. This experiment was repeated three times. RESULTS: Cinnamaldehyde extract at a concentration of 62.5 μl/ml was able to prevent the growth of Candida albicans, at a concentration of 93.7 μl/ml, causing Candida albicans to disappear, at 48.8 μl/ml, to prevent the growth of Candida glabrata, and in the concentration of 62.5 μl/ml, causes the loss of Candida glabrata. In comparison, nystatin at 0.5 μg/ml concentration prevented the growth of Candida albicans, at concentrations of 1 μg/ml causing Candida albicans to be destroyed, at 4 μg/ml concentration to prevent the growth of Candida glabrata, and at a concentration of 8 μg/ml causes the loss of Candida glabrata. The results were the same every three times. CONCLUSIONS: Although cinnamaldehyde extract had an effect on fungal growth in both Candida albicans and Candida glabrata with a fatal effect; the effect on these two species was lower than nystatin.

scholarly journals Extracellular Nucleic Acids Present in the Candida albicans Biofilm Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Smolarz ◽  
Marcin Zawrotniak ◽  
Dorota Satala ◽  
Maria Rapala-Kozik
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
First Line ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Biofilm Structure

Neutrophils, the first line of the host’s defense, use a variety of antimicrobial mechanisms to fight invading pathogens. One of the most crucial is the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the process called NETosis. The unique structure of NETs effectively inhibits the spread of pathogens and ensures their exposure to a high concentration of NET-embedded antimicrobial compounds. NETosis strategy is often used by the host to defend against fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. In immunocompromised patients, this microorganism is responsible for developing systemic fungal infections (candidiasis). This is correlated with the use of a vast array of virulence factors, leading to the acquisition of specific resistance to host defense factors and available drug therapies. One of the most important features favoring the development of drug resistance is a C. albicans ability to form biofilms that protect fungal cells mainly through the production of an extracellular matrix (ECM). Among the main ECM-building macromolecules extracellular nucleic acids have been identified and their role is probably associated with the stbilization of the biofilm structure. The complex interactions of immune cells with the thick ECM layer, comprising the first line of contact between these cells and the biofilm structure, are still poorly understood. Therefore, the current studies aimed to assess the release of extracellular nucleic acids by C. albicans strains at different stages of biofilm formation, and to determine the role of these molecules in triggering the NETosis. We showed for the first time that fungal nucleic acids, purified directly from mature C. albicans biofilm structure or obtained from the whole fungal cells, have the potential to induce NET release in vitro. In this study, we considered the involvement of TLR8 and TLR9 in NETosis activation. We showed that DNA and RNA molecules initiated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activation of the NADPH oxidase complex, essential for ROS-dependent NETosis. Furthermore, analysis of the cell migration showed that the nucleic acids located in the extracellular space surrounding the biofilm may be also effective chemotactic factors, driving the dynamic migration of human neutrophils to the site of ongoing fungal infection.

Candida Species

2012 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Shimon Kusne ◽  
Ann E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Candida Tropicalis ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Candida Guilliermondii ◽  
Candida Krusei ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Cell Identification

Candida are oval yeast that are 4 to 6 μ‎m in diameter. They reproduce by budding, usually producing pseudohyphae (budding yeast without full detachment of daughter cell). Identification is usually based on morphology and sugar assimilation. Of the species that are human pathogens the most common (over 60% of cases) is Candida albicans. Others include Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida kefyr (formerly Candida pseudotropicalis), Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida guilliermondii. Disease manifestations and treatment are reviewed.

scholarly journals In vitro kill curves of a new semisynthetic echinocandin, LY-303366, against fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant Candida species.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2576-2578 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Karlowsky ◽  
G A Harding ◽  
S A Zelenitsky ◽  
D J Hoban ◽  
A Kabani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
Candida Krusei ◽  
Clinical Isolates

In vitro killing by a new semisynthetic echinocandin, LY-303366, was characterized using clinical isolates of fluconazole-sensitive (Y58) and -resistant (Y180) Candida albicans as well as Candida glabrata (Y7) and Candida krusei (Y171). The 24-h kill curves for Y58 and Y180 demonstrated dose-independent killing of between 1 and 2 log10 with LY-303366 at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 1,000 times the MIC. Regrowth did not occur at 24 h with either C. albicans isolate at the aforementioned LY-303366 concentrations. At their MICs, LY-303366 and amphotericin B produced similar killing kinetics in cultures of Y58, Y180, Y7, and Y171, while all cultures exposed to fluconazole at its MIC demonstrated stasis or growth over 24 h.

Killing by neutrophil extracellular traps: fact or folklore?

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1214-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renzo Menegazzi ◽  
Eva Decleva ◽  
Pietro Dri
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cell Medium

AbstractNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA structures released by dying neutrophils and claimed to constitute a new microbicidal mechanism. Killing by NET-forming cells is ascribed to these structures because it is prevented by preincubation with DNase, which has been shown to dismantle NETs, before addition of the target microorganisms. Curiously, the possibility that the microorganisms ensnared in NETs are alive has not been considered. Using Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans blastospores, we demonstrate that the microorganisms captured by NETs and thought to be killed are alive because they are released and recovered in cell medium by incubation with DNase. It is concluded that NETs entrap but do not kill microbes.

scholarly journals RELIABILITY OF QUANTIFICATION OF CANDIDA SPECIES COLONIES USING ALTERNATIVE PLATING METHODS

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Raquel De Annunzio ◽  
Filipe Silveira Fusco ◽  
Carolina Santezi Santezi ◽  
Bárbara Donadon Reina ◽  
Lívia Nordi Dovigo
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Candida Tropicalis ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Candida Krusei ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Drop Plate

Objective: to evaluate the concordance of different plating methods for quantification of Candida species colonies. Method: standardized suspensions of reference strains (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei) were submitted to serial dilution and plating according to methods of track-dilution (TDM), drop plate (DPM) and the conventional spread plate (SPM). Data were submitted to construction of Bland–Altman diagrams, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and ANOVA (⍺=5%). Results: adequate concordance between the methods (CCI >0.71) was observed, and the execution of DPM was the fastest (p<0.001). However, DPM and TDM appear to result in greater values compared to SPM, especially for C. tropicalis and C. krusei. Conclusion: C. albicans and C. glabrata can be plated with DPM and TDM, but the use of these methods for C. krusei and C. tropicalis may result in count variation.

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