scholarly journals Body Composition Changes over Multiple Academic Years in Female Collegiate Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Austin Katona ◽  
Caroline Riewe ◽  
Angela Bruzina ◽  
Nicholas J Ollberding ◽  
Mary Ankrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Grade Levels

Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order to provide data to inform future training and nutrition interventions for this population. A linear mixed-model (LMM) approach was used to analyze four years of pre- and post-season body composition data, including total mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and body fat percentage (%BF) for 49 athletes. Athletes gained an average of 0.5 kg FFM during the season (p < 0.05) and increased total mass, FFM, fat mass, and %BF (2.5 kg, 1.1 kg, 1.7 kg, and 1.7%, respectively; p < 0.05) over four years. Freshmen experienced a 1.5 kg gain in total mass pre- to post-season (p < 0.05), while no changes in total mass or body composition were seen in other grade levels. Gains in %BF during the off season between Freshman and Sophomore years represented negative changes in body composition that should be addressed further. These results can help interdisciplinary athlete care teams optimize training programs in this population by understanding what changes are expected over multiple years. Normalizing these changes may also help the promotion of realistic body composition goals and the development of positive training and dietary habits.

scholarly journals Seasonal Body Composition Variation Amongst Elite European Professional Soccer Players: An Approach of Talent Identification

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lee Owen ◽  
Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽  
Gordon Dunlop ◽  
Rouissi Mehdi ◽  
Moktar Chtara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Composition Profiles

AbstractThe primary aim of the investigation was to study the seasonal changes in body composition in elite European soccer players and identify key playing positional differences. Twenty-two players (age = 24 ± 3.7 years, body height = 180.45 ± 5.12 cm, body mass = 76.66 ± 5.34 kg) were tested. Players’ mass (kg), lean body mass (LBM), fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), muscle girths (MG) and sum of 8 skinfolds (mm) were measured across 5 time points (T0 = Start of pre-season training; T1 = End of pre-season training; T2 = Mid-season; T3 = End of mid-season break; T4 = End of season). Players were divided into their tactical positional roles for analysis. The specific positions they were divided into included defenders (n = 8), midfielders (n = 8) and forwards (n = 6). Assessment of training and matchplay exposure were also recorded. Sites-4, Sites-7, Sites-8 and Fat Mass decreased dramatically from T0 to T1 and T2 in all playing positions (p < 0.01), while no remarkable differences were found between T2, T3 and T4. Except for defenders, calf girth and lean mass were higher in T2, T3 and T4 compared to T0 and T1 (p < 0.01). Midfielders were found to be leaner than forwards and defenders in all data collection time point sessions. Defenders showed higher values in calf girth and lean body mass than midfielders and forwards. It can be concluded from this investigation that there are large variances n positional body composition profiles amongst professional European soccer players. Furthermore, significant changes are prevalent and occur across the season from LBM, FFM, MG and skinfold assessment amongst European elite level soccer players.

scholarly journals Association between anthropometric and physical data of university soccer players from different positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Clael Rodrigues Rêgo ◽  
Samuel da Silva Aguiar ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Ricardo Franco Lima ◽  
Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Sectional Analysis

The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

scholarly journals The effect of liver enzymes on body composition: a Mendelian randomization study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xi Liu ◽  
Shiu Lun Au Yeung ◽  
Man Ki Kwok ◽  
June Yue Yan Leung ◽  
Lai Ling Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundHigher alanine transaminase (ALT) is positively associated with diabetes but inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) in Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, suggesting liver function may affect body composition. To clarify, we assessed the association of liver function with muscle and fat mass observationally with two-sample MR as a validation.MethodsIn the population-representative “Children of 1997” birth cohort, we used multivariable linear regression to assess the adjusted associations of ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L) at ~17.5 years with muscle mass (kg) and body fat percentage (%). Genetic variants predicting ALT, ALP and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (100% change in concentration) were applied to fat-free and fat mass (kg) in the UK Biobank (n=~331,000) to obtain unconfounded estimates using MR.ResultsObservationally, ALT was positively associated with muscle mass (0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10 to 0.12) and fat percentage (0.15, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.17). ALP was inversely associated with muscle mass (−0.03, 95% CI −0.04 to −0.02) and fat percentage (−0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to −0.01). Using MR, ALT was inversely associated with fat-free mass (−0.41, 95% CI −0.64 to −0.19) and fat mass (−0.58, 95% CI −0.85 to −0.30). ALP was not clearly associated with body composition. GGT was positively associated with fat-free (0.30, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.06) and fat mass (0.41, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.71).ConclusionALT reducing fat-free mass provides a possible pathway for the positive association of ALT with diabetes, and suggests a potential target of intervention.

scholarly journals Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Weight and Body Composition in Healthy Non-Athlete Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Fernando ◽  
Jessica Zibellini ◽  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Radhika Seimon ◽  
Amanda Sainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Background: Ramadan involves one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition. Methods: In May 2018, we searched six databases for publications that measured weight and body composition before and after Ramadan, and that did not attempt to influence physical activity or diet. Results: Data were collected from 70 publications (90 comparison groups, 2947 participants). There was a significant positive correlation between starting body mass index and weight lost during the fasting period. Consistently, there was a significant reduction in fat percentage between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan in people with overweight or obesity (−1.46 (95% confidence interval: −2.57 to −0.35) %, p = 0.010), but not in those of normal weight (−0.41 (−1.45 to 0.63) %, p = 0.436). Loss of fat-free mass was also significant between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan, but was about 30% less than loss of absolute fat mass. At 2–5 weeks after the end of Ramadan, there was a return towards, or to, pre-Ramadan measurements in weight and body composition. Conclusions: Even with no advice on lifestyle changes, there are consistent—albeit transient—reductions in weight and fat mass with the Ramadan fast, especially in people with overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals Dietary habits in the context of body composition of young adult females

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-347
Author(s):  
Tereza Sofková ◽  
Michaela Hřivnová ◽  
Marie Chrásková
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Daily Frequency

Abstract Appropriate dietary habits and healthy nutrition play a part in weight control. Set positive principles make precondition for satisfactory state of the body and its composition. Body mass index (BMI) is most commonly used to assess optimal body mass in relation to health risks. However, BMI does not enable the representation of individual body components and may lead to misdiagnosis in one person. The aim of our study was to evaluate dietary habits and selected body composition parameters based on BMI. Moreover, we evaluated these parameters in relation to the daily frequency of meals. The research group consisted of 318 female students of pedagogical disciplines of Palacký University in Olomouc, aged between 18 and 30 years. (22.3±2.5 years). The survey was conducted in March 2018 and 2019. Data on dietary habits were acquired through a questionnaire survey that focused on the daily frequency of meals. Multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis using InBody 720 analyser was used to determine body composition parameters. In the normal weight BMI (BMI_N) category, the selected parameters (BFP: body fat percentage, VFA: visceral fat, FFM: fat-free mass) based on general recommendations for body composition are met. In the overweight and obesity (BMI_O) category, the mean BFP values fall, as expected, into the obesity category (≥35%). We may conclude that statistically significantly lower relative risk of damage to health assessed by the body fat and visceral fat (BFM, BFP, VFA, BFMI) was found to be significantly lower in women who consume 5 meals per day compared to women who consume 4 or less daily portions of food. The differences between the BMI categories for individual meals during the day were statistically insignificant for the group we investigated. We evaluate the dietary habits positively based on the low frequency of skipping meals.

scholarly journals The Utility of Body Composition Assessment in Nutrition and Clinical Practice: An Overview of Current Methodology

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2493
Author(s):  
Clifton J. Holmes ◽  
Susan B. Racette
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Body Composition Assessment

Body composition is a key component for maintaining good general health and longevity. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. The assessment of body composition is an essential tool for nutrition specialists to effectively evaluate nutritional status and monitor progression during dietary interventions. As humans age, there is a natural increase in fat mass coupled with a gradual decline in lean mass, specifically in bone and muscle mass. Individuals with a high body fat percentage are at a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, several types of cancer, and early mortality. Significant decreases in bone mineral density signify osteopenia and osteoporosis, while reductions in skeletal muscle mass increase the risk of developing sarcopenia. Moreover, undernutrition exacerbates the effects of many medical conditions and is important to address. Though weight tracking and calculation of BMI are used commonly by clinicians and dietitians, these measures do not provide insight on the relative contributions of fat mass and fat-free mass or the changes in these compartments that may reflect disease risk. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals have a critical understanding of body composition assessment and the strengths and limitations of the methods available.

scholarly journals Effect of One Month Exposure to Components of Reprometabolic Syndrome on Physical Activity & Body Composition in Lean Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A731-A732
Author(s):  
Dana Fatal Yabroudi ◽  
Katherine Kuhn ◽  
Angela J Fought ◽  
Andrew P Bradford ◽  
Irene Elizabeth Schauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Gonadotropin Secretion

Abstract Background: Subfertility in obese women is associated with chronic pituitary suppression, reduced sensitivity to GnRH and decreased sex steroid production. We have found evidence for a combined effect of hyperinsulinemia and high circulating fatty acids to acutely (4h infusion) suppress pituitary gonadotropin secretion and are currently investigating the effects of one-month exposure to a eucaloric high-fat diet (HFD) on gonadotropin levels in lean women. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the one-month HFD on physical activity and body composition. Methods: 12 normal weight (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m2), normally cycling female participants of reproductive age were given a one-month eucaloric HFD, from the onset of menses in one cycle through the next, with 48% calories from fat. A Fitbit was provided to monitor changes in daily activity and sleep throughout the study. Measurement of gonadotropin pulsatility and reproductive hormones were done using frequent blood sampling and daily urine excretion, respectively. These measurements were obtained for a total of 4 menstrual cycles: 1 pre-diet cycle, the HFD cycle, and 2 post-diet cycles. DEXA body composition was measured at baseline and at the end of the 2nd post diet cycle. Pre and post diet comparisons were done using linear mixed model testing and reported as estimated means ± standard error. Results: Mean number of daily steps were (9,226 ± 1,140) pre diet, (9,132 ± 1,140) during the diet and (7,533 ± 1,140) post diet. Daily active calories were (1,982 ± 99) pre diet, (1,975 ± 99) during the diet and (1,856 ± 99) post diet. Means in the HFD cycle did not differ from the pre-diet cycle. Daily sleeping minutes pre diet were (443 ± 19), (451 ± 20) during the diet and (412 ± 19) post diet, with no statistical difference between the 3 time points. BMI did not differ between pre-diet (21.84 ± 0.52) and post-diet (21.77 ± 0.52). DEXA body composition measurements indicated a statistically significant decrease in total fat percentage, (32.26 ± 1.53) pre diet and (31.31 ± 1.53) post diet, which does not appear clinically significant as the difference of less than 1% falls within the anticipated measurement error of the method. Visceral fat volume (cm3) did not differ between pre diet (299.51 ± 27.76) and post diet (295.53 ± 27.76). Conclusions: The complete cohort has not yet been fully recruited and analyzed. These preliminary findings indicate that women consuming a one-month, HFD maintain their usual level of physical activity and sleep patterns, and do not appear to sustain change in visceral fat. Further accrual of participants should clarify the small decrease in total body fat observed without a change in BMI. Supported by HD087314 ROI to NS UL1TR002535 to the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute.

scholarly journals Adiposity, reproductive and metabolic health, and activity levels in zoo Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. jeb219543
Author(s):  
Daniella E. Chusyd ◽  
Tim R. Nagy ◽  
Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo ◽  
Stephanie L. Dickinson ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Asian Elephant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTMany captive Asian elephant populations are not self-sustaining, possibly due in part to obesity-related health and reproductive issues. This study investigated relationships between estimated body composition and metabolic function, inflammatory markers, ovarian activity (females only) and physical activity levels in 44 Asian elephants (n=35 females, n=9 males). Deuterium dilution was used to measure total body water from which fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) could be derived to estimate body composition. Serum was analyzed for progestagens and estradiol (females only), deuterium, glucose, insulin and amyloid A. Physical activity was assessed by an accelerometer placed on the elephant's front leg for at least 2 days. Relative fat mass (RFM) – the amount of fat relative to body mass – was calculated to take differences in body size between elephants into consideration. Body fat percentage ranged from 2.01% to 24.59%. Male elephants were heavier (P=0.043), with more FFM (P=0.049), but not FM (P>0.999), than females. For all elephants, estimated RFM (r=0.45, P=0.004) was positively correlated with insulin. Distance walked was negatively correlated with age (r=−0.46, P=0.007). When adjusted for FFM and age (P<0.001), non-cycling females had less fat compared with cycling females, such that for every 100 kg increase in FM, the odds of cycling were 3 times higher (P<0.001). More work is needed to determine what an unhealthy amount of fat is for elephants; however, our results suggest higher adiposity may contribute to metabolic perturbations.

Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna E. Heller ◽  
Joi J. Thomas ◽  
Bruce W. Hollis ◽  
D. Enette Larson-Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Mass Coefficient

Excess body fat or obesity is known to increase risk of poor vitamin D status in nonathletes but it is not known if this is the case in athletes. Furthermore, the reason for this association is not understood, but is thought to be due to either sequestration of the fat-soluble vitamin within adipose tissue or the effect of volume dilution related to obese individuals’ larger body size. Forty two US college athletes (24 men 18 women, 20.7 ± 1.6 years, 85.0 ± 28.7 kg, BMI = 25.7 ± 6.1 kg/m2) provided blood samples during the fall and underwent measurement of body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum samples were evaluated for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration to assess vitamin D status using Diasorin 25(OH)D radioiodine assay. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was negatively associated with height (r = -0.45), total body mass (r = -0.57), BMI (r = -0.57), body fat percentage (r = -0.45), fat mass (r = -0.60) and fat-free mass (r = -0.51) (p < .05). These associations did not change after controlling for sex. In a linear regression mixed model, fat mass (coefficient -0.47, p = .01), but not fat-free mass (coefficient -0.18, p = .32) significantly predicted vitamin D status and explained approximately 36% of the variation in serum 25(OH)D concentration. These results suggest that athletes with a large body size and/or excess adiposity may be at higher risk for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. In addition, the significant association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and fat mass in the mixed model, which remained after controlling for sex, is in support of vitamin D sequestration rather than volume dilution as an explanation for such association.

scholarly journals Effects of a Multicomponent Exercise Program, a Detraining Period and Dietary Intake Prediction of Body Composition of Frail and Pre-Frail Older Adults from the EXERNET Elder 3.0 Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9894
Author(s):  
Ana Moradell ◽  
David Navarrete-Villanueva ◽  
Ángel Iván Fernández-García ◽  
Lucía Sagarra-Romero ◽  
Jorge Marín-Puyalto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Frail Older Adults

The aging of humans is associated with body composition and function deterioration creating a burden on an individual level, but also on a societal one, resulting in an economic burden that is socially unsustainable. This study aimed to evaluate changes in body composition after a 6-month MCT (multicomponent training) and a 4-month detraining period, and to examine the possible influence of energy and macronutrient intake in these changes in frail and pre-frail older adults. A total of 43 participants from the training group (TRAIN) and 28 controls (CON) completed the study protocol. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, fat mass, fat free mass and fat mass percentage were recorded, with a bio-electrical impedance analyzer, at baseline, after 6 months and four months after finishing the MCT. A food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate energy intake. Mixed effect models did not show differences between groups. CON showed increases in hip circumference and waist (3.20 ± 1.41 and 3.06 ± 1.66 cm, respectively) during the first 6 months. TRAIN showed decreases in BMI (−0.29 ± 0.14), fat mass (−0.86 ± 0.38 kg), body fat percentage (−0.98 ± 0.36%) and increases in waist circumference (3.20 ± 1.41). After detraining, TRAIN group showed increases in fat mas (1.07 ± 0.30 kg), body fat percentage (1.43 ± 0.31%) and waist (3.92 ± 1.38 cm), and decreases in fat free mass (−0.90 ± 0.30 kg). CON group only showed an increase in body fat (1.32 ± 0.47%). Energy intake was negatively associated with hip circumference in the first six months and fat mass during detraining in CON. Energy intake showed positive associations with fat mass in TRAIN during detraining. Only carbohydrates were negatively related to detraining changes in fat free mass and BMI in CON. In conclusion, the MCT reduces adiposity of frail and pre-frail older people, leading to a maintenance of fat free mass. In addition, these interventions should not be stopped in this population in order to improve health sustainability.

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