scholarly journals Adiposity, reproductive and metabolic health, and activity levels in zoo Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. jeb219543
Author(s):  
Daniella E. Chusyd ◽  
Tim R. Nagy ◽  
Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo ◽  
Stephanie L. Dickinson ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Asian Elephant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTMany captive Asian elephant populations are not self-sustaining, possibly due in part to obesity-related health and reproductive issues. This study investigated relationships between estimated body composition and metabolic function, inflammatory markers, ovarian activity (females only) and physical activity levels in 44 Asian elephants (n=35 females, n=9 males). Deuterium dilution was used to measure total body water from which fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) could be derived to estimate body composition. Serum was analyzed for progestagens and estradiol (females only), deuterium, glucose, insulin and amyloid A. Physical activity was assessed by an accelerometer placed on the elephant's front leg for at least 2 days. Relative fat mass (RFM) – the amount of fat relative to body mass – was calculated to take differences in body size between elephants into consideration. Body fat percentage ranged from 2.01% to 24.59%. Male elephants were heavier (P=0.043), with more FFM (P=0.049), but not FM (P>0.999), than females. For all elephants, estimated RFM (r=0.45, P=0.004) was positively correlated with insulin. Distance walked was negatively correlated with age (r=−0.46, P=0.007). When adjusted for FFM and age (P<0.001), non-cycling females had less fat compared with cycling females, such that for every 100 kg increase in FM, the odds of cycling were 3 times higher (P<0.001). More work is needed to determine what an unhealthy amount of fat is for elephants; however, our results suggest higher adiposity may contribute to metabolic perturbations.

scholarly journals Bone mineral density in young adults: the influence of vitamin D status, biochemical indicators, physical activity and body composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kopiczko ◽  
Monika Łopuszańska-Dawid ◽  
Karol Gryko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Physical Activity Levels

Abstract Summary The aim of the study was to assess the associations of bone mineral density and bone mass with physical activity levels, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and body composition in young women and men. Physical activity has the most significant effect on bone status especially in men. Purpose The aim of the study was to assess the associations of bone mineral density and bone mass with physical activity levels, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and body composition in young women and men. Methods One hundred subjects aged 19–24 years were included. Bone mineral density (BMD) in distal and proximal parts was evaluated by forearm densitometry. Body composition was analysed with the use of JAWON-Medical-x-scan. The following biochemical indicators were analysed: 25(OH) D and 1,25(OH)2D, magnesium, phosphorus, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Physical activity levels were assessed by interview. Results Significant correlations between BMD and physical activity, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage were revealed in men. Among women, considerably weaker correlations of BMD with body composition and physical activity were noted than in men. BMD in the distal part correlated only with lean body mass, soft lean mass and body fat percentage. The strongest relationship between physical activity and bone mineral status parameters was noted for BMD in men. In women, physical activity did not affect BMD. Conclusions Physical activity has the most significant effect on bone status especially in men.

Contribution of body composition and physical activity to age-related decline in peak VO2 in men and women

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Toth ◽  
A. W. Gardner ◽  
P. A. Ades ◽  
E. T. Poehlman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rate Of Decline

We examined the contribution of variations in body composition and leisure time physical activity to the age-related decline in peak oxygen consumption (VO2) in men and women. Healthy males 17–80 yr old (n = 378) and females 18–81 yr old (n = 224) were characterized for peak VO2 from a treadmill test to exhaustion, fat-free mass and fat mass by underwater weighing, and leisure time physical activity. Peak VO2 showed a greater absolute decline (P < 0.05) with age in males (r = -0.70, slope = -0.034 l.min-1.yr-1; P < 0.01) than in females (r = -0.78, slope = -0.028 l.min-1.yr-1; P < 0.01). After statistically controlling for differences in fat-free mass and fat mass, the decline in peak VO2 was diminished in both sexes, although a greater rate of decline persisted in males (r = -0.47, slope = -0.016 l.min-1.yr-1; P < 0.01) than in females (r = -0.39, slope = -0.009 l.min-1.yr-1; P < 0.01). We found that the addition of leisure time physical activity (independent of body composition) to the regression model further attenuated the rate of decline in males (r = -0.40, slope = -0.013 l.min-1.yr-1; P < 0.01) but did not alter the age-related decline in peak VO2 in females (r = -0.39, slope = -0.009 l.min-1.yr-1; P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Obesity and Body Composition in Preschool Children with Different Levels of Actigraphy-Derived Physical Activity—A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Piotr Matłosz ◽  
Agnieszka Szybisty ◽  
Paweł Lenik ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Steps Per Day

Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess body composition among preschool children differentiated according to their levels of PA and to assess whether meeting the current PA recommendations is associated with a lower risk of obesity, determined by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). Free-living PA was measured using accelerometers for 7 days in children aged 5 to 6 years. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition. Significant differences in content of BFP, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) were found between boys meeting and not meeting moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations. Meeting the MVPA recommendation was associated with a twofold lower risk of obesity determined by BFP in boys but not in girls. In contrast, the total number of recommended steps per day was not related to adiposity in boys or girls. No statistically significant differences were observed in body composition indices and quintiles of MVPA. Boys in the 3rd–5th quintiles of steps per day presented significantly lower BFP and higher muscle mass and TBW than their peers in quintile 1. However, different associations were observed between body composition indices and quintiles of PA.

One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2368-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Marco Pahor ◽  
Frances Tylavsky ◽  
Stephen B. Kritchevsky ◽  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Total Body

Changing body composition has been suggested as a pathway to explain age-related functional decline. No data are available on the expected changes in body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based cohort of older persons. Body composition data at baseline, 1-yr follow-up, and 2-yr follow-up was measured by DXA in 2,040 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70–79 yr, participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. After 2 yr, a small decline in total body mass was observed (men: −0.3%, women: −0.4%). Among men, fat-free mass and appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) decreased by −1.1 and −0.8%, respectively, which was masked by a simultaneous increase in total fat mass (+2.0%). Among women, a decline in fat-free mass was observed after 2 yr only (−0.6%) with no change in ALST and body fat mass. After 2 yr, the decline in ALST was greater in blacks than whites. Change in total body mass was associated with change in ALST ( r = +0.58 to +0.70; P < 0.0001). Among participants who lost total body mass, men lost relatively more ALST than women, and blacks lost relatively more ALST than whites. In conclusion, the mean change in body composition after a 1- to 2-yr follow-up was 1–2% with a high interindividual variability. Loss of ALST was greater in men compared with women, and greater in blacks compared with whites, suggesting that men and blacks may be more prone to muscle loss.

scholarly journals Accounting for height in indices of body composition during childhood and adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. O'Keeffe ◽  
Abigail Fraser ◽  
Laura D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age And Sex

Correlations of body composition with height vary by age and sex during childhood. Standard approaches to accounting for height in measures of body composition (dividing by height (in meters)2) do not take this into account. Using measures of total body mass (TBM), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at ages nine, 11, 13, 15 and 18 years from a longitudinal UK cohort study (ALSPAC), we calculated indices of body composition at each age by dividing measures by height (in meters)2. We then produced age-and sex-specific powers of height using allometric regressions and calculated body composition indices by dividing measures by height raised to these powers. TBM, FM and FFM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 11 in females. In males, TBM and FM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 15 years while FM divided by height2 was correlated with height up-to age 11 years. Indices of body composition using age-and sex-specific powers were not correlated with height at any age. In early life, age-and sex-specific powers of height, rather than height in meters2, should be used to adjust body composition for height when measures of adiposity/mass independent of height are required.

scholarly journals The effect of liver enzymes on body composition: a Mendelian randomization study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xi Liu ◽  
Shiu Lun Au Yeung ◽  
Man Ki Kwok ◽  
June Yue Yan Leung ◽  
Lai Ling Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundHigher alanine transaminase (ALT) is positively associated with diabetes but inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) in Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, suggesting liver function may affect body composition. To clarify, we assessed the association of liver function with muscle and fat mass observationally with two-sample MR as a validation.MethodsIn the population-representative “Children of 1997” birth cohort, we used multivariable linear regression to assess the adjusted associations of ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L) at ~17.5 years with muscle mass (kg) and body fat percentage (%). Genetic variants predicting ALT, ALP and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (100% change in concentration) were applied to fat-free and fat mass (kg) in the UK Biobank (n=~331,000) to obtain unconfounded estimates using MR.ResultsObservationally, ALT was positively associated with muscle mass (0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10 to 0.12) and fat percentage (0.15, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.17). ALP was inversely associated with muscle mass (−0.03, 95% CI −0.04 to −0.02) and fat percentage (−0.02, 95% CI −0.03 to −0.01). Using MR, ALT was inversely associated with fat-free mass (−0.41, 95% CI −0.64 to −0.19) and fat mass (−0.58, 95% CI −0.85 to −0.30). ALP was not clearly associated with body composition. GGT was positively associated with fat-free (0.30, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.06) and fat mass (0.41, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.71).ConclusionALT reducing fat-free mass provides a possible pathway for the positive association of ALT with diabetes, and suggests a potential target of intervention.

scholarly journals Body composition, physical capacity, and immuno-metabolic profile in community-acquired pneumonia caused by COVID-19, influenza, and bacteria: a prospective cohort study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Koch Ryrsø ◽  
Arnold Matovu Dungu ◽  
Maria Hein Hegelund ◽  
Andreas Vestergaard Jensen ◽  
Adin Sejdic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Physical Capacity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Background Different pathogens can cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); however, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has re-emphasized the vital role of respiratory viruses as a cause of CAP. The aim was to explore differences in metabolic profile, body composition, physical capacity, and inflammation between patients hospitalized with CAP caused by different etiology. Methods A prospective study of Danish patients hospitalized with CAP caused by SARS-CoV-2, influenza, or bacteria. Fat (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Physical activity and capacity were assessed using questionnaires and handgrip strength. Plasma (p)-glucose, p-lipids, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), p-adiponectin, and cytokines were measured. Results Among 164 patients with CAP, etiology did not affect admission levels of glucose, HbA1c, adiponectin, or lipids. Overall, 15.2% had known diabetes, 6.1% had undiagnosed diabetes, 51.3% had pre-diabetes, 81% had hyperglycemia, and 60% had low HDL-cholesterol, with no difference between groups. Body mass index, FM, and FFM were similar between groups, with 73% of the patients being characterized with abdominal obesity, although waist circumference was lower in patients with COVID-19. Physical capacity was similar between groups. More than 80% had low handgrip strength and low physical activity levels. Compared to patients with influenza, patients with COVID-19 had increased levels of interferon (IFN)-γ (mean difference (MD) 4.14; 95% CI 1.36–12.58; p = 0.008), interleukin (IL)-4 (MD 1.82; 95% CI 1.12–2.97; p = 0.012), IL-5 (MD 2.22; 95% CI 1.09–4.52; p = 0.024), and IL-6 (MD 2.41; 95% CI 1.02–5.68; p = 0.044) and increased IFN-γ (MD 6.10; 95% CI 2.53–14.71; p < 0.001) and IL-10 (MD 2.68; 95% CI 1.53–4.69; p < 0.001) compared to patients with bacterial CAP, but no difference in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, IL-18, IL-12p70, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin. Conclusion Despite higher inflammatory response in patients with COVID-19, metabolic profile, body composition, and physical capacity were similar to patients with influenza and bacterial CAP.

scholarly journals Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Weight and Body Composition in Healthy Non-Athlete Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Fernando ◽  
Jessica Zibellini ◽  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Radhika Seimon ◽  
Amanda Sainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Background: Ramadan involves one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition. Methods: In May 2018, we searched six databases for publications that measured weight and body composition before and after Ramadan, and that did not attempt to influence physical activity or diet. Results: Data were collected from 70 publications (90 comparison groups, 2947 participants). There was a significant positive correlation between starting body mass index and weight lost during the fasting period. Consistently, there was a significant reduction in fat percentage between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan in people with overweight or obesity (−1.46 (95% confidence interval: −2.57 to −0.35) %, p = 0.010), but not in those of normal weight (−0.41 (−1.45 to 0.63) %, p = 0.436). Loss of fat-free mass was also significant between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan, but was about 30% less than loss of absolute fat mass. At 2–5 weeks after the end of Ramadan, there was a return towards, or to, pre-Ramadan measurements in weight and body composition. Conclusions: Even with no advice on lifestyle changes, there are consistent—albeit transient—reductions in weight and fat mass with the Ramadan fast, especially in people with overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals Eating-Disordered Behavior in Adolescents: Associations with Body Image, Body Composition and Physical Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6665
Author(s):  
Eliška Štefanová ◽  
Peter Bakalár ◽  
Tibor Baška
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Eating Disordered

Eating disorders (EDs) represent a disparate group of mental health problems that significantly impair physical health or psychosocial functioning. The aim of this study was to present some evidence about the prevalence of eating-disordered behavior (EDB) in adolescents, and explore its associations with body image (BI), body composition (BC) and physical activity (PA) in this age group. Data from 780 adolescents participating in a health behavior in school-aged children (HBSC) study conducted in Slovakia in 2018 were used (mean age 13.5 ± 1.3; 56% boys). Differences in mean values of numerical indicators were evaluated using the independent samples t-test. Differences between nominal variables were assessed by the chi-square test. Pearson correlation was used to describe the associations between all the selected variables. EDB was positively screened in 26.7% (208/780) of adolescents, with a higher prevalence in girls (128/344, 37.2%) than in boys (80/436, 18.3%). Significantly higher means of BI, body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percentage (BFP), body fat mass index (BFMI), fat free mass index (FFMI), and SCOFF questionnaire score (SCOFF QS) were found in those positively screened for EDB. Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive associations between EDB and BI, BW, BMI, BFM, BFP and BFMI. The prevalence of EDB is high in Slovak adolescents. Positive associations between EDB, BI, BMI and fat-related body composition parameters support the idea of a more integrated approach in EDs and obesity prevention and treatment. At the same time, gender differences suggest the need for considering gender-specific strategies aimed at girls and boys separately.

scholarly journals Body Composition Changes over Multiple Academic Years in Female Collegiate Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Austin Katona ◽  
Caroline Riewe ◽  
Angela Bruzina ◽  
Nicholas J Ollberding ◽  
Mary Ankrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Grade Levels

Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order to provide data to inform future training and nutrition interventions for this population. A linear mixed-model (LMM) approach was used to analyze four years of pre- and post-season body composition data, including total mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and body fat percentage (%BF) for 49 athletes. Athletes gained an average of 0.5 kg FFM during the season (p < 0.05) and increased total mass, FFM, fat mass, and %BF (2.5 kg, 1.1 kg, 1.7 kg, and 1.7%, respectively; p < 0.05) over four years. Freshmen experienced a 1.5 kg gain in total mass pre- to post-season (p < 0.05), while no changes in total mass or body composition were seen in other grade levels. Gains in %BF during the off season between Freshman and Sophomore years represented negative changes in body composition that should be addressed further. These results can help interdisciplinary athlete care teams optimize training programs in this population by understanding what changes are expected over multiple years. Normalizing these changes may also help the promotion of realistic body composition goals and the development of positive training and dietary habits.

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