scholarly journals Biocompatibility of α-Al2O3 Ceramic Substrates with Human Neural Precursor Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Akrivi Asimakopoulou ◽  
Ioannis Gkekas ◽  
Georgia Kastrinaki ◽  
Alessandro Prigione ◽  
Vasileios T. Zaspalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Precursor ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Α Al2o3 ◽  
Water Proof

Background: Biocompatible materials-topography could be used for the construction of scaffolds allowing the three-dimensional (3D) organization of human stem cells into functional tissue-like structures with a defined architecture. Methods: Structural characterization of an alumina-based substrate was performed through XRD, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wettability measurements. Biocompatibility of the substrate was assessed by measuring the proliferation and differentiation of human neural precursor stem cells (NPCs). Results: α-Al2O3 is a ceramic material with crystallite size of 40 nm; its surface consists of aggregates in the range of 8–22 μm which forms a rough surface in the microscale with 1–8 μm cavities. The non-calcined material has a surface area of 5.5 m2/gr and pore size distribution of 20 nm, which is eliminated in the calcined structure. Thus, the pore network on the surface and the body of the ceramic becomes more water proof, as indicated by wettability measurements. The alumina-based substrate supported the proliferation of human NPCs and their differentiation into functional neurons. Conclusions: Our work indicates the potential use of alumina for the construction of 3D engineered biosystems utilizing human neurons. Such systems may be useful for diagnostic purposes, drug testing, or biotechnological applications.

Micro-CT Technique for Three-Dimensional Visualization of Human Stem Cells

2013 ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Farini ◽  
Chiara Villa ◽  
Marzia Belicchi ◽  
Mirella Meregalli ◽  
Yvan Torrente
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Ct Technique

scholarly journals Current Advances in 3D Tissue and Organ Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Georgia Pennarossa ◽  
Sharon Arcuri ◽  
Teresina De Iorio ◽  
Fulvio Gandolfi ◽  
Tiziana A. L. Brevini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Culture Systems

Bi-dimensional culture systems have represented the most used method to study cell biology outside the body for over a century. Although they convey useful information, such systems may lose tissue-specific architecture, biomechanical effectors, and biochemical cues deriving from the native extracellular matrix, with significant alterations in several cellular functions and processes. Notably, the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) platforms that are able to re-create in vitro the structures of the native tissue, have overcome some of these issues, since they better mimic the in vivo milieu and reduce the gap between the cell culture ambient and the tissue environment. 3D culture systems are currently used in a broad range of studies, from cancer and stem cell biology, to drug testing and discovery. Here, we describe the mechanisms used by cells to perceive and respond to biomechanical cues and the main signaling pathways involved. We provide an overall perspective of the most recent 3D technologies. Given the breadth of the subject, we concentrate on the use of hydrogels, bioreactors, 3D printing and bioprinting, nanofiber-based scaffolds, and preparation of a decellularized bio-matrix. In addition, we report the possibility to combine the use of 3D cultures with functionalized nanoparticles to obtain highly predictive in vitro models for use in the nanomedicine field.

scholarly journals Human stem cells – sources, sourcing and in vitro methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-85
Author(s):  
Alicja Szubarga ◽  
Marta Kamińska ◽  
Wiktoria Kotlarz ◽  
Stefan Malewski ◽  
Wiktoria Zawada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Abstract Stem cells are an important subject of research, and are increasingly used in the treatment of various diseases. Due to the development of advanced in vitro techniques, they have become an integral part of modern medicine. The sources of human stem cells are primarily bone marrow and adipose tissue, although non – embryonic stem cells are also scattered throughout the body. Notably, recent research has focused on stem cells found in the oral cavity, both in the dental pulp and oral mucosa. Furthermore, isolation of stem cells from umbilical cord blood is also becoming increasingly popular, while wharton’s jelly and amniotic fluid also seem to be an interesting source of stem cells. The safety and efficacy of stem cells use can be established by animal studies, which are a key element of preclinical research. Mouse, rat and pig models allow for testing of stem cell therapies. Recent studies primarily use mesenchymal stem cells such as mouse – adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and mouse and rat hematopoietic stem cells. Great hope for future therapies is the use of bioengineering to program cells into induced stem cells, which have the biggest ability for differentiation and transdifferentiation, which carries no risk of teratogenesis. Stem cells are used in many areas of medicine, especially in regenerative medicine, with a growing interest in orthopedics and in the treatment of heart failure. Mesenchymal stem cells are the most used stem cell type, which despite their limited ability to differentiate, give great therapeutic results, mainly due to their immunomodulating effect. Recent studies have even shown that the use of mesenchymal stem cells may be useful in the treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, Research on the use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of Crohn’s disease, acute-graft-versus-host disease and type I diabetes are also promising. The aim of the current review is to present and systematize current knowledge about stem cells, their use and related in vitro research. Running title: Research and use of human stem cells

scholarly journals Asymmetric Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly facilitates clathrin-mediated endocytosis at stalled sites in genome-edited human stem cells.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiyan Jin ◽  
Cyna Shirazinejad ◽  
Bowen Wang ◽  
Amy Yan ◽  
Johannes Schöneberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Filament Assembly ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Actin filament assembly facilitates vesicle formation in several trafficking pathways including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, how actin assembly forces are harnessed has not been fully revealed for any vesicle forming process. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging of triple-genome-edited, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and newly developed machine-learning-based computational analysis tools, were used to comprehensively analyze assembly dynamics and geometry of proteins representing three different CME functional modules. When hundreds of CME events with and without associated Arp2/3-dependent actin network assembly were compared, sites with actin assembly showed a distinct delay between completion of endocytic coat expansion and vesicle scission, consistent with the notion that these were stalled sites requiring actin assembly forces to complete vesicle formation. Importantly, our analysis showed that N-WASP is preferentially recruited to one side of CME sites, where it stimulates actin assembly asymmetrically. These results indicate that in mammalian cells actin assembly is induced at stalled CME sites, where asymmetric forces pull the plasma membrane into the cell much like a bottle opener pulls off a bottle cap.

scholarly journals Acellular matrix as a substrate for tissue-engineered graft of heart valve

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Popandopulo ◽  
M. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Scaffolds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Regeneration ◽  
Acellular Matrix ◽  
Living Materials

In many cases heart valve prosthetics is the only solution to save patient’s life. All mechanical prosthetics currently used are not able to perform function in the body fully because non-living materials are used for their production. Tissue engineering provides the reconstruction of viable valves using stem cells. Acellularized three-dimensional tissue scaffolds as a matrix for autologous cells do improve function of heart valves and promote heart regeneration.

scholarly journals Bioprinting with human stem cells-laden alginate-gelatin bioink and bioactive glass for tissue engineering

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2.2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna C. R. Kolan ◽  
Julie A. Semon ◽  
Bradley Bromet ◽  
Delbert E. Day ◽  
Ming C. Leu
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies have shown great potential in the fabrication of 3D models for different human tissues. Stem cells are an attractive cell source in tissue engineering as they can be directed by material and environmental cues to differentiate into multiple cell types for tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we investigate the viability of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) in alginate-gelatin (Alg-Gel) hydrogel bioprinted with or without bioactive glass. Highly angiogenic borate bioactive glass (13-93B3) in 50 wt% is added to polycaprolactone (PCL) to fabricate scaffolds using a solvent-based extrusion 3D bioprinting technique. The fabricated scaffolds with 12 × 12 × 1 mm3 in overall dimensions are physically characterized, and the glass dissolution from PCL/glass composite over a period of 28 days is studied. Alg-Gel composite hydrogel is used as a bioink to suspend ASCs, and scaffolds are then bioprinted in different configurations: Bioink only, PCL+bioink, and PCL/glass+bioink, to investigate ASC viability. The results indicate the feasibility of the solvent-based bioprinting process to fabricate 3D cellularized scaffolds with more than 80% viability on day 0. The decrease in viability after 7 days due to glass concentration and static culture conditions is discussed. The feasibility of modifying Alg-Gel with 13-93B3 glass for bioprinting is also investigated, and the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Cardiac Tissues From Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-801
Author(s):  
Giulia Campostrini ◽  
Laura M. Windt ◽  
Berend J. van Meer ◽  
Milena Bellin ◽  
Christine L. Mummery
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
3 Dimensional

The ability of human pluripotent stem cells to form all cells of the body has provided many opportunities to study disease and produce cells that can be used for therapy in regenerative medicine. Even though beating cardiomyocytes were among the first cell types to be differentiated from human pluripotent stem cell, cardiac applications have advanced more slowly than those, for example, for the brain, eye, and pancreas. This is, in part, because simple 2-dimensional human pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocyte cultures appear to need crucial functional cues normally present in the 3-dimensional heart structure. Recent tissue engineering approaches combined with new insights into the dialogue between noncardiomyocytes and cardiomyocytes have addressed and provided solutions to issues such as cardiomyocyte immaturity and inability to recapitulate adult heart values for features like contraction force, electrophysiology, or metabolism. Three-dimensional bioengineered heart tissues are thus poised to contribute significantly to disease modeling, drug discovery, and safety pharmacology, as well as provide new modalities for heart repair. Here, we review the current status of 3-dimensional engineered heart tissues.

scholarly journals iPSC therapies applied to rehabilitation in parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Galdino da Rocha Pitta ◽  
Jordy Silva de Carvalho ◽  
Luzilene Pereira de Lima ◽  
Ivan da Rocha Pitta
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cell Replacement ◽  
Tensin Homolog ◽  
Human Neurons ◽  
Pubmed Database

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that affects movement, mainly due to damage and degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The diagnosis is made through a clinical neurological analysis where motor characteristics are considered. There is still no cure, and treatment strategies are focused on symptoms control. Cell replacement therapies emerge as an alternative. Objective: This review focused on current techniques of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Methods: The search terms used were: “Parkinson’s Disease”, “Stem cells” and “iPSC”. Open articles written in English, from 2016-21 were selected in the Pubmed database, 10 publications were identified. Results: With the modernization of iPSC, it was possible to reprogram pluripotent human somatic cells and generate dopaminergic neurons and individual-specific glial cells. To understand the molecular basis, cell and animal models of neurons and organelles are currently being employed. Organoids are derived from stem cells in a three-dimensional matrix, such as matrigel or hydrogels derived from animals. The neuronal models are: α-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase2 (LRRK2), PARK2, putative kinase1 induced by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PINK1), DJ-1. Both models offer opportunities to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of PD and test compounds on human neurons. Conclusions: Cell replacement therapy is promising and has great capacity for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies using iPSC neuron and PD organoid modeling is highly valuable in elucidating relevants neuronal pathways and therapeutic targets, moreover providing important models for testing future therapies.

scholarly journals Programmed Switch in The Mitochondrial Degradation Pathways During Human Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation from Stem Cells is Critical for RGC Survival

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arupratan Das ◽  
Claire M. Bell ◽  
Cynthia A. Berlinicke ◽  
Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong ◽  
Donald J. Zack
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Human Neurons

ABSTRACTRetinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the root cause for vision loss in glaucoma as well as in other forms of optic neuropathies. Genetic analysis indicated abnormal mitochondrial quality control (MQC) as a major risk factor for optic neuropathies. However, nothing is known on how MQC regulates human retinal ganglion cell (hRGC) health and survival. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide opportunity to differentiate hRGCs and understand the abnormal MQC associated hRGC degeneration in great detail. Degradation of damaged mitochondria is a very critical step of MQC, here we have used stem cell derived hRGCs to understand the damaged mitochondrial degradation pathways for hRGC survival. Using pharmacological methods, we have investigated the role of the proteasomal and endo-lysosomal pathways in degrading damaged mitochondria in hRGCs and their precursor stem cells. We find that upon mitochondrial damage with the proton uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), hRGCs more efficiently degraded mitochondria than their precursor stem cells. We further identified that for degrading damaged mitochondria, stem cells predominantly use the ubiquitine-proteasome system (UPS) while hRGCs use the endo-lysosomal pathway. UPS inhibition causes apoptosis in stem cells, while hRGC viability is dependent on the endo-lysosomal pathway but not on the UPS pathway. This suggests manipulation of the endo-lysosomal pathway could be therapeutically relevant for RGC protection in treating glaucoma. Endo-lysosome dependent cell survival is also conserved for other human neurons as differentiated human cerebral cortical neurons also degenerated upon endo-lysosomal inhibition but not for the proteasome inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUsing human stem cells we have shown a switch in the mitochondrial degradation pathway during hRGC differentiation where endo-lysosomal pathway becomes the predominant pathway for cellular homeostasis and hRGC survival which is also true for human cortical neurons. These findings suggest manipulation of the endo-lysosomal pathway could be therapeutically relevant for RGC protection in treating glaucoma as well as for other neurodegenerative diseases.

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