scholarly journals Differences in Brain Volume between Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Overweight and Obese Children: The Role of Fitness

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez ◽  
Irene Esteban-Cornejo ◽  
Jairo H. Migueles ◽  
Idoia Labayen ◽  
Juan Verdejo-Román ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

The aim of this study was to examine whether metabolically healthy overweight/obese children have greater global and regional gray matter volumes than their metabolically unhealthy peers. We further examined the association between gray matter volume and academic achievement, along with the role of cardiorespiratory fitness in these associations. A total of 97 overweight/obese children (10.0 ± 1.2 years) participated. We classified children as metabolically healthy/unhealthy based on metabolic syndrome cut-offs. Global and regional brain volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Academic achievement was assessed using the Woodcock-Muñoz standardized test. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20 m shuttle run test. Metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO) children had greater regional gray matter volume compared to those who were metabolically unhealthy (MUO) (all p ≤ 0.001). A similar trend was observed for global gray matter volume (p = 0.06). Global gray matter volume was positively related to academic achievement (β = 0.237, p = 0.036). However, all the associations were attenuated or disappeared after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness (p > 0.05). The findings of the present study support that metabolically healthy overweight/obese children have greater gray matter volume compared to those that are metabolically unhealthy, which is in turn related to better academic achievement. However, cardiorespiratory fitness seems to explain, at least partially, these findings.

The role of global and regional gray matter volume decrease in multiple sclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Grothe ◽  
Martin Lotze ◽  
Sönke Langner ◽  
Alexander Dressel
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Volume Decrease

scholarly journals Breastfeeding and Childhood IQ: The Mediating Role of Gray Matter Volume

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan L. Luby ◽  
Andy C. Belden ◽  
Diana Whalen ◽  
Michael P. Harms ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Matter Volume

scholarly journals Emotional Awareness in Schizophrenia Is Associated With Gray Matter Volume of Right Precuneus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jáni ◽  
Zora Kikinis ◽  
Jan Lošák ◽  
Ofer Pasternak ◽  
Filip Szczepankiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Right

Objectives: We assessed the relationship between emotional awareness (e.g., the ability to identify and differentiate our own feelings and feelings of others) and regional brain volumes in healthy and in schizophrenia groups.Methods: Magnetic resonance images of 29 subjects with schizophrenia and 33 matched healthy controls were acquired. Brain gray matter was parcellated using FreeSurfer and 28 regions of interest associated with emotional awareness were analyzed. All participants were assessed using the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) of Self and of Other. LEAS scores were correlated with gray matter volume for each hemisphere on the 14 brain regions of the emotional awareness network.Results: Individuals with schizophrenia showed decreased emotional awareness on both LEAS Self and LEAS Other compared to healthy controls. There were no statistically significant between-group differences in gray matter volumes of the emotional awareness network. The performance on LEAS Other correlated negatively with right precuneus gray matter volume only in the schizophrenia group.Conclusion: Our findings suggest a relationship between gray matter volume of the right precuneus and deficits in understanding of emotional states of others in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals The Association of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Is Independent of Retinal Vascular Architecture and Retinopathy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Moran ◽  
R. J. Tapp ◽  
A. D. Hughes ◽  
C. G. Magnussen ◽  
L. Blizzard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Vascular Architecture ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Matter Volume

It is uncertain whether small vessel disease underlies the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and brain atrophy. We aimed to study whether retinal vascular architecture, as a proxy for cerebral small vessel disease, may modify or mediate the associations of T2DM with brain volumes. In this cross-sectional study using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans and retinal photographs in 451 people with and without T2DM, we measured brain volumes, geometric measures of retinal vascular architecture, clinical retinopathy, and MRI cerebrovascular lesions. There were 270 people with (mean age 67.3 years) and 181 without T2DM (mean age 72.9 years). T2DM was associated with lower gray matter volume (p=0.008). T2DM was associated with greater arteriolar diameter (p=0.03) and optimality ratio (p=0.04), but these associations were attenuated by adjustments for age and sex. Only optimality ratio was associated with lower gray matter volume (p=0.03). The inclusion of retinal measures in regression models did not attenuate the association of T2DM with gray matter volume. The association of T2DM with lower gray matter volume was independent of retinal vascular architecture and clinical retinopathy. Retinal vascular measures or retinopathy may not be sufficiently sensitive to confirm a microvascular basis for T2DM-related brain atrophy.

scholarly journals The mediating role of cortical thickness and gray matter volume on sleep slow-wave activity during adolescence

2017 ◽  
Vol 223 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimée Goldstone ◽  
Adrian R. Willoughby ◽  
Massimiliano de Zambotti ◽  
Peter L. Franzen ◽  
Dongjin Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Activity ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Matter Volume

244 Physical fitness attenuates the deleterious association of sleep apnea with gray matter volume in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A98-A98
Author(s):  
Kyle Edmunds ◽  
Erika Hagen ◽  
Julian Gaitán ◽  
Jodi Barnet ◽  
Ira Driscoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Matter Volume

Abstract Introduction Recent evidence has illustrated that gray matter (GM) atrophy, a diagnostic hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), may be influenced by psychosocial risk modifiers such as physical exercise and sleep. Cardiorespiratory fitness, a measure of oxygen delivery and utilization during exercise, is positively associated with both sleep quality and gray matter volume in brain areas associated with age-related cognitive decline, such as the hippocampus. In contrast, sleep apnea has been linked to global and regional gray matter atrophy, which is thought to be driven in-part by the incomplete modulation of cardiovascular and respiratory control during sleep. This study examines whether cardiorespiratory fitness modifies the deleterious relationship between sleep apnea and GM volume in a sample of non-demented older participants from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort (WSC). Methods Using data from a subset of WSC participants (n=129, 51% female, mean [range] age at baseline=68 [49-85] years), cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated using a Non-Exercise CardioRespiratory Fitness Measure (NECRFM; based on age, sex, BMI, self-reported physical activity, and resting heart rate). Sleep apnea severity was measured by overnight polysomnography and characterized by the base 10 logarithm of the apnea-hypopnea index, log10(AHI+1). We assembled cross-sectional linear models of MRI-measured total GM volume using NECRFM and log10(AHI+1) as predictors while controlling for age, sex, BMI, education, and hypertension. Regional volumetric changes in the hippocampus and amygdala were assessed using analogous linear models, adjusting both outcome volumetrics for total intracranial volume. Results While the interaction between fitness and apnea severity was not significant (p=0.50), results stratified at the median NECRFM illustrated that among the less fit individuals, higher log10(AHI+1) was associated with a significant reduction in total GM volume (B(SE)=-0.06 (0.02); p=0.007); this relationship was not significant among those who were more fit (B(SE)=-0.03 (0.02); p=0.11). There were no significant effects in the hippocampus or amygdala. Conclusion These results indicate that cardiovascular fitness may attenuate the effect of severe sleep apnea on GM volume in older adults, supporting the protective role of cardiovascular fitness in aging brain health. Support (if any) This work was supported by United States National Institutes of Health grants R01AG058680, R01HL62252, 1R01AG036838, 1UL1RR025011, and R01AG062167.

Associations of sleep with gray matter volume and their implications for academic achievement, executive function and intelligence in children with overweight/obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo H. Migueles ◽  
Cristina Cadenas‐Sanchez ◽  
Irene Esteban‐Cornejo ◽  
Jose Mora‐Gonzalez ◽  
Maria Rodriguez‐Ayllon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume

scholarly journals The missing role of gray matter in studying brain controllability

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Jamalabadi ◽  
Agnieszka Zuberer ◽  
Vinod Jangir Kumar ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Sarah Alizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Fiber Tracts ◽  
White Matter Fiber Tracts ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
Actual Energy Consumption ◽  
Connectivity Strength

Brain controllability properties are normally derived from the white matter fiber tracts in which the neural substrate of the actual energy consumption, namely the gray matter, has been widely ignored. Here, we study the relationship between gray matter volume of regions across the whole cortex and their respective control property derived from the structural architecture of the white matter fiber tracts. The data suggests that the ability of white fiber tracts to exhibit control at specific nodes not only depends on the connection strength of the structural connectome but additionally strongly depends on gray matter volume at the host nodes. Our data indicates that connectivity strength and gray matter volume interact with respect to the brain’s control properties. Disentangling effects of the regional gray matter volume and connectivity strength, we found that frontal and sensory areas play crucial roles in controllability. Together these results suggest that structural and regional properties of the white matter and gray matter provide complementary information in studying the control properties of the intrinsic structural and functional architecture of the brain.

scholarly journals Optimism and the brain: trait optimism mediates the protective role of the orbitofrontal cortex gray matter volume against anxiety

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanda Dolcos ◽  
Yifan Hu ◽  
Alexandru D. Iordan ◽  
Matthew Moore ◽  
Florin Dolcos
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
The Brain
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