scholarly journals Neuroprotective Peptides in Retinal Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cervia ◽  
Catalani ◽  
Casini
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Neuroprotective Actions ◽  
Neuronal Functions

In the pathogenesis of many disorders, neuronal death plays a key role. It is now assumed that neurodegeneration is caused by multiple and somewhat converging/overlapping death mechanisms, and that neurons are sensitive to unique death styles. In this respect, major advances in the knowledge of different types, mechanisms, and roles of neurodegeneration are crucial to restore the neuronal functions involved in neuroprotection. Several novel concepts have emerged recently, suggesting that the modulation of the neuropeptide system may provide an entirely new set of pharmacological approaches. Neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed widely in mammalian retinas, where they exert neuromodulatory functions including the processing of visual information. In multiple models of retinal diseases, different peptidergic substances play neuroprotective actions. Herein, we describe the novel advances on the protective roles of neuropeptides in the retina. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which peptides affect neuronal death/survival and the vascular lesions commonly associated with retinal neurodegenerative pathologies. The goal is to highlight the therapeutic potential of neuropeptide systems as neuroprotectants in retinal diseases.

scholarly journals Demographic characteristics and inci-dence of ocular disease in patients at Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital (Yazd, Iran)

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Besharati ◽  
M.R. Manaviat ◽  
S.A.M. Miratashi ◽  
M.R. Shoja
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Epidemiological Information

The type and frequency of diseases in a com-munity represents genetic structure, nutritional status, social health standards, and the cultural traditions of the community. In addition, the different types of disorders that are common in an area are directly or indirectly under environ-mental effects. The epidemiological information of these disorders is important when developing health services programs and influences the way medical services are offered.The aim of the present study was to determine the epidemiology and frequency of ocular diseas-es in patients referred to the Ophthalmic Clinic of Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Yazd, Iran. A cross sectional descriptive study was done by means of a questionnaire and statistical analysis on the data collected. A total number of 994 patients were surveyed and more than 70 types of disorders were diagnosed. The disorders were classified into 15 main groups. The most commonly detect-ed conditions in the patients were refractive errors and conjunctival diseases (16.9% each), followed by disorders of the lens (12.7%), retinal diseases (11.9%), eye traumas (11.9%), eyelid disorders (7.3%) and glaucoma (5.2%). The majority of the patients were more than 40 years old. Regarding their education, most of them were illiterate. Most of the patients were housewives. Our results showed that the majority of the patients were liv-ing in urban areas. An association of diabetes and hypertension was seen more with retinal disease than with other conditions.

scholarly journals Endogenous and Synthetic Cannabinoids as Therapeutics in Retinal Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despina Kokona ◽  
Panagiota-Christina Georgiou ◽  
Mihalis Kounenidakis ◽  
Foteini Kiagiadaki ◽  
Kyriaki Thermos
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Retinal Neurons

The functional significance of cannabinoids in ocular physiology and disease has been reported some decades ago. In the early 1970s, subjects who smokedCannabis sativadeveloped lower intraocular pressure (IOP). This led to the isolation of phytocannabinoids from this plant and the study of their therapeutic effects in glaucoma. The main treatment of this disease to date involves the administration of drugs mediating either the decrease of aqueous humour synthesis or the increase of its outflow and thus reduces IOP. However, the reduction of IOP is not sufficient to prevent visual field loss. Retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, have been defined as neurodegenerative diseases and characterized by ischemia-induced excitotoxicity and loss of retinal neurons. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies must be applied in order to target retinal cell death, reduction of visual acuity, and blindness. The aim of the present review is to address the neuroprotective and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in retinal disease.

Primordial science and pioneering approaches of guggul for chronic ailments – A modernized review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Jamal Basha D ◽  
Kumar P R ◽  
Ranganayakulu D
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lipids Metabolism ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Conventional Dosage

An oleo gum resin guggulu is a product which obtained as a result of gummosis from the bark of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari [syn. Commiphoramukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Family, Burseraceae]. It has been known for its immense applicability in the Ayurveda since time immemorial for the treatment of variety of disorders such as inflammation, gout, rheumatism, impotence, leprosy, obesity, and disorders of lipids metabolism. It is a mixture of phytoconstituents like terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, guggultetrols, lignans, sugars, and amino acids. This review is an effort to compile all the information available on all of its chemical constituents which are responsible for its therapeutic potential, limitation of guggul extracts and the necessity of novel principles for gum guggul. Nowadays, Guggul is available as the marketed formulation for curing numerous clinical conditions and is accessible in combination with various other ingredients. Though conventional dosage form shows the dominance as patient compliance and easy availability, yet it has found to pose the problems like dose fluctuation, peak-valley effect, non-adjustment of the administered drug, invasiveness etc. Guggul lacks its desired effect due to its low bioavailability and water solubility. This makes it a partial or a deficient therapy for remedy of many signs and symptoms. Novel drug delivery system (NDDS), a new approach and has excluded many of drawbacks exhibited by conventional dosage forms. Some of the novel dosage forms of guggul has been formed like nanoparticles, nanovesicles, gugglusomes and proniosomal gel. But still, the novel formulations for guggul has its less outspread in the market. Guggul can be executed as a profitable drug using NDDS. There is a need to highlight the unidentified and unexplained facts about guggul so as to make it more efficacious and effective in terms of bioavailability and aqueous insolubility.

Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Shaw ◽  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Padraic Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. However, memory for combinations of actions and scenes is poorer, suggesting difficulty in binding this information together. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, but whether sleep can also boost memory for binding information and whether the effect is general across different types of information is not yet known. Experiments 1 to 3 tested effects of sleep on binding actions and scenes, and Experiments 4 and 5 tested binding of objects and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For action-scene composites, memory was relatively poor with no significant effect of sleep. For object-scene composites sleep did improve memory. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.

Critical Review on the Chemical Aspects of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Harmonization of Computational Bioactivity Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Mastinu ◽  
Giovanni Ribaudo ◽  
Alberto Ongaro ◽  
Sara Anna Bonini ◽  
Maurizio Memo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Novel ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Computational Data ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Yield Sensitivity ◽  
Therapeutic Profile

: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid which represents one of the constituents of the “phytocomplex” of Cannabis sativa. This natural compound is attracting growing interest since when CBD-based remedies and commercial products were marketed. This review aims to exhaustively address the extractive and analytical approaches that have been developed for the isolation and quantification of CBD. Recent updates on cutting-edge technologies were critically examined in terms of yield, sensitivity, flexibility and performances in general, and are reviewed alongside original representative results. As an add-on to currently available contributions in the literature, the evolution of the novel, efficient synthetic approaches for the preparation of CBD, a procedure which is appealing for the pharmaceutical industry, is also discussed. Moreover, with the increasing interest on the therapeutic potential of CBD and the limited understanding of the undergoing biochemical pathways, the reader will be updated about recent in silico studies on the molecular interactions of CBD towards several different targets attempting to fill this gap. Computational data retrieved from the literature have been integrated with novel in silico experiments, critically discussed to provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the undebatable potential of CBD and its therapeutic profile.

Classic and Novel Signaling Pathways Involved in Cancer: Targeting the NF-κB and Syk Signaling Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Tang ◽  
Guodong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Transmembrane Receptors ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Different Types

The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) consists of a family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of a wide variety of biological responses. Growing evidence support that NF-κB plays a major role in oncogenesis as well as its well-known function in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Therefore, we made a review of the diverse molecular mechanisms by which the NF-κB pathway is constitutively activated in different types of human cancers and the potential role of various oncogenic genes regulated by this transcription factor in cancer development and progression. We also discussed various pharmacological approaches employed to target the deregulated NF-κB signaling pathway and their possible therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. Moreover, Syk (Spleen tyrosine kinase), non-receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates signal transduction downstream of a variety of transmembrane receptors including classical immune-receptors like the B-cell receptor (BCR), which can also activate the inflammasome and NF-κB-mediated transcription of chemokines and cytokines in the presence of pathogens would be discussed as well. The highlight of this review article is to summarize the classic and novel signaling pathways involved in NF-κB and Syk signaling and then raise some possibilities for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals How the Multiplicity of Suggested Information Affects the Behavior of a User in a Recommender System

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Yuseok Ban ◽  
Kyungjae Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Recommender System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Many researchers have suggested improving the retention of a user in the digital platform using a recommender system. Recent studies show that there are many potential ways to assist users to find interesting items, other than high-precision rating predictions. In this paper, we study how the diverse types of information suggested to a user can influence their behavior. The types have been divided into visual information, evaluative information, categorial information, and narrational information. Based on our experimental results, we analyze how different types of supplementary information affect the performance of a recommender in terms of encouraging users to click more items or spend more time in the digital platform.

scholarly journals Development of a Fundus Image-Based Deep Learning Diagnostic Tool for Various Retinal Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Kyoung Min Kim ◽  
Tae-Young Heo ◽  
Aesul Kim ◽  
Joohee Kim ◽  
Kyu Jin Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Models ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Fundus Image ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Age Related

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic tools have been accepted in ophthalmology. The use of retinal images, such as fundus photographs, is a promising approach for the development of AI-based diagnostic platforms. Retinal pathologies usually occur in a broad spectrum of eye diseases, including neovascular or dry age-related macular degeneration, epiretinal membrane, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, macular hole, retinal vein occlusions, and diabetic retinopathy. Here, we report a fundus image-based AI model for differential diagnosis of retinal diseases. We classified retinal images with three convolutional neural network models: ResNet50, VGG19, and Inception v3. Furthermore, the performance of several dense (fully connected) layers was compared. The prediction accuracy for diagnosis of nine classes of eight retinal diseases and normal control was 87.42% in the ResNet50 model, which added a dense layer with 128 nodes. Furthermore, our AI tool augments ophthalmologist’s performance in the diagnosis of retinal disease. These results suggested that the fundus image-based AI tool is applicable for the medical diagnosis process of retinal diseases.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas System: The Powerful Modulator of Accessory Genomes in Prokaryotes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Anca Butiuc-Keul ◽  
Anca Farkas ◽  
Rahela Carpa ◽  
Dumitrana Iordache
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Guide Rnas ◽  
Crispr Array ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Cas Proteins

Being frequently exposed to foreign nucleic acids, bacteria and archaea have developed an ingenious adaptive defense system, called CRISPR-Cas. The system is composed of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) array, together with CRISPR (<i>cas</i>)-associated genes. This system consists of a complex machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids from viruses and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), into CRISPR arrays. The inserted segments (spacers) are transcribed and then used by cas proteins as guide RNAs for recognition and inactivation of the targets. Different types and families of CRISPR-Cas systems consist of distinct adaptation and effector modules with evolutionary trajectories, partially independent. The origin of the effector modules and the mechanism of spacer integration/deletion is far less clear. A review of the most recent data regarding the structure, ecology, and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems and their role in the modulation of accessory genomes in prokaryotes is proposed in this article. The CRISPR-Cas system&apos;s impact on the physiology and ecology of prokaryotes, modulation of horizontal gene transfer events, is also discussed here. This system gained popularity after it was proposed as a tool for plant and animal embryo editing, in cancer therapy, as antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria, and even for combating the novel coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2; thus, the newest and promising applications are reviewed as well.

PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF AUTHOR’S AND TRANSFORMED PHRASEOLOGIES IN THE WORK OF CARLOS RUIZ ZAFÓN «THE PRISONER OF HEAVEN»

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Bovsunivska A. Yu.
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Textual Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
Individual Style

The article is devoted to the study of pragmatic aspects of the use of phraseology in the textual space of Carlos Ruiz Safón’s novel «Prisoner of Heaven». One of the defining features of the individual style of this well-known modern Spanish writer is the metaphoricity and figuration of aristic expression, the saturation of the text with phraseological units that play a significant role in creating a pragmatic charge of the work of art. Along with general linguistic phraseological units, which include commonly-used vocabulary, the author uses dialectal and authorial phraseological units, which is a feature of his individual style. All three designated groups of phraseological units mostly reflect the negative psychophysical and emotional state of the characters. The author uses dialectal, individually-authorial and modified phraseological units, which is a feature of his individual style. It is determined that transformation is one of the most productive and most effective ways to update linguistic means in works of art. Author’s modification of FU leads to a change in the semantics and structure of expression, gives it a more expressive or emotional coloring. Transformed phraseology is limited to individual usage and is subject to the context of the work. Modified FUs in the Zafón’s artistic space acquire certain aesthetic and artistic qualities. Their modification is mainly to create the desired stylistic effect – to achieve emotional or expressive expression, which increases the reader’s interest, focuses on the content, issues of the work, as well as reveals the potential expressive potential of the Spanish language. In the transformed FUs, not just a new meaning is traced, but a combination of the well-known and the occasional. The unique combination of different types of phraseological units in the novel is considered a manifestation of individual style and makes a representation of the individually-authorial linguistic picture of the world more expressive.

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