scholarly journals A User-Friendly Protocol for Mandibular Segmentation of CBCT Images for Superimposition and Internal Structure Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Chenshuang Li ◽  
Leanne Lin ◽  
Zhong Zheng ◽  
Chun-Hsi Chung
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
3D Slicer ◽  
American Board Of Orthodontics ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Segmented Images ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
User Friendly

Background: Since cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology has been widely adopted in orthodontics, multiple attempts have been made to devise techniques for mandibular segmentation and 3D superimposition. Unfortunately, as the software utilized in these methods are not specifically designed for orthodontics, complex procedures are often necessary to analyze each case. Thus, this study aimed to establish an orthodontist-friendly protocol for segmenting the mandible from CBCT images that maintains access to the internal anatomic structures. Methods: The “sculpting tool” in the Dolphin 3D Imaging software was used for segmentation. The segmented mandible images were saved as STL files for volume matching in the 3D Slicer to validate the repeatability of the current protocol and were exported as DICOM files for internal structure analysis and voxel-based superimposition. Results: The mandibles of all tested CBCT datasets were successfully segmented. The volume matching analysis showed high consistency between two independent segmentations for each mandible. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis on 20 additional CBCT mandibular segmentations further demonstrated the high consistency of the current protocol. Moreover, all of the anatomical structures for superimposition identified by the American Board of Orthodontics were found in the voxel-based superimposition, demonstrating the ability to conduct precise internal structure analyses with the segmented images. Conclusion: An efficient and precise protocol to segment the mandible while retaining access to the internal structures was developed on the basis of CBCT images.

scholarly journals Real Color Model of a Cadaver for Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4999
Author(s):  
Chung-Yoh Kim ◽  
Jin-Seo Park ◽  
Beom-Sun Chung
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Target Point ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Volume Model ◽  
Segmented Images ◽  
Volume Models ◽  
Deep Brain

When performing deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus, practitioners should interpret the magnetic resonance images (MRI) correctly so they can place the DBS electrode accurately at the target without damaging the other structures. The aim of this study is to provide a real color volume model of a cadaver head that would help medical students and practitioners to better understand the sectional anatomy of DBS surgery. Sectioned images of a cadaver head were reconstructed into a real color volume model with a voxel size of 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm. According to preoperative MRIs and postoperative computed tomographys (CT) of 31 patients, a virtual DBS electrode was rendered on the volume model of a cadaver. The volume model was sectioned at the classical and oblique planes to produce real color images. In addition, segmented images of a cadaver head were formed into volume models. On the classical and oblique planes, the anatomical structures around the course of the DBS electrode were identified. The entry point, waypoint, target point, and nearby structures where the DBS electrode could be misplaced were also elucidated. The oblique planes could be understood concretely by comparing the volume model of the sectioned images with that of the segmented images. The real color and high resolution of the volume model enabled observations of minute structures even on the oblique planes. The volume models can be downloaded by users to be correlated with other patients’ data for grasping the anatomical orientation.

scholarly journals Movements of Mycoplasma mobile gliding machinery detected by high-speed atomic force microscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Kobayashi ◽  
Noriyuki Kodera ◽  
Taishi Kasai ◽  
Yuhei O Tahara ◽  
Takuma Toyonaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Special Mechanism ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Internal Structures

ABSTRACTMycoplasma mobile, a parasitic bacterium, glides on solid surfaces, such as animal cells and glass by a special mechanism. This process is driven by the force generated through ATP hydrolysis on an internal structure. However, the spatial and temporal behaviors of the internal structures in living cells are unclear. In this study, we detected the movements of the internal structure by scanning cells immobilized on a glass substrate using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). By scanning the surface of a cell, we succeeded in visualizing particles, 2 nm in hight and aligned mostly along the cell axis with a pitch of 31.5 nm, consistent with previously reported features based on electron microscopy. Movements of individual particles were then analyzed by HS-AFM. In the presence of sodium azide, the average speed of particle movements was reduced, suggesting that movement is linked to ATP hydrolysis. Partial inhibition of the reaction by sodium azide enabled us to analyze particle behavior in detail, showing that the particles move 9 nm right, relative to the gliding direction, and 2 nm into the cell interior in 330 ms, then return to their original position, based on ATP hydrolysis.IMPORTANCEThe Mycoplasma genus contains bacteria generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some Mycoplasma species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide by a special mechanism linked to their infection and survival. The special machinery for gliding can be divided into surface and internal structures that have evolved from rotary motors represented by ATP synthases. This study succeeded in visualizing the real-time movements of the internal structure by scanning from the outside of the cell using an innovative high-speed atomic force microscope, and then analyzing their behaviors.

Review Lecture: The dynamical properties and internal structures of the Earth, the Moon and the planets

1972 ◽  
Vol 328 (1574) ◽  
pp. 301-336 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Very High

The aim of this review is to bring together and relate recent progress in three subjects - the internal structure of the Earth, the behaviour of materials at very high pressures and the dynamical properties of the planets. Knowledge of the internal structure of the Earth has been advanced in recent years, particularly by observations of free oscillations of the whole Earth excited by the very largest earthquakes; as a consequence, it is clear that K. E. Bullen’s hypothesis that bulk modulus is a smooth function of pressure irrespective of composition is close to the truth for the Earth. Understanding of the behaviour of materials at very high pressure has increased as a result both of experiments on the propagation of shock waves and of theoretical investigations along a number of lines and it can now be seen that Bullen’s hypothesis is not true irrespective of chemical composition and crystal structure but that it happens to apply to the Earth because of particular circumstances. Studies of the orbits of artificial satellites and space probes have led to better knowledge of the dynamics of the Moon, Mars and Venus, and there have also been recent improvements in the traditional studies of Uranus and Neptune. Our knowledge of the dynamics of the planets is on the whole rather restricted, and Bullen’s hypothesis only applies directly to the Moon (for which the application is trivial) and possibly to Mars; the dynamical properties do none the less set fairly restrictive limits to the models that can be constructed for other planets. It would be possible for all planets to have cores of similar composition to the Earth ’s, surrounded by mantles of different sorts, silicates for the terrestrial planets and mostly hydrogen for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Curvature-based internal structure analysis of pulmonary nodules using thoracic 3D CT images

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Kawata ◽  
Noboru Niki ◽  
Hironobu Ohmatsu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Pulmonary Nodules ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
3D Ct

scholarly journals A comparative study between state-of-the-art MRI deidentification and AnonyMI, a new method combining re-identification risk reduction and geometrical preservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Mikulan ◽  
Simone Russo ◽  
Flavia Maria Zauli ◽  
Piergiorgio d'Orio ◽  
Sara Parmigiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Localization ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Input Output ◽  
3D Slicer ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Geometrical Information ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Identity Protection

Deidentifying MRIs constitutes an imperative challenge, as it aims at precluding the possibility of re-identification of a research subject or patient, but at the same time it should preserve as much geometrical information as possible, in order to maximize data reusability and to facilitate interoperability. Although several deidentification methods exist, no comprehensive and comparative evaluation of deidentification performance has been carried out across them. Moreover, the possible ways these methods can compromise subsequent analysis has not been exhaustively tested. To tackle these issues, we developed AnonyMI, a novel MRI deidentification method, implemented as a user-friendly 3D Slicer plugin-in, which aims at providing a balance between identity protection and geometrical preservation. To test these features, we performed two series of analyses on which we compared AnonyMI to other two state-of-the-art methods, to evaluate, at the same time, how efficient they are at deidentifying MRIs and how much they affect subsequent analyses, with particular emphasis on source localization procedures. Our results show that all three methods significantly reduce the re-identification risk but AnonyMI provides the best geometrical conservation. Notably, it also offers several technical advantages such as a user-friendly interface, multiple input-output capabilities, the possibility of being tailored to specific needs, batch processing and efficient visualization for quality assurance.

A Description of Eospirifer radiatus (J. de C. Sowerby)

1935 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 316-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. S. St. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Shape And Size

In 1825 J. de C. Sowerby described and figured as Spirifer lineatus a brachiopod from the “ Wenlock Limestone ” of Dudley, choosing three syntypes; later he changed the specific name to radiatus. Of subsequent descriptions those of Hall (1852), Davidson (1866), Beecher and Clarke (1889), and Hall and Clarke (1894) are the most important. The present study is based on topotype material, while additional specimens for comparison have been collected by the writer from the Wenlock Shale of Malvern (Colwall Tunnel Tip Heap), from the Woolhope Limestone of Suckley, from the Wenlock Limestone of May Hill, and from the Tickwood beds and Wenlock Limestone on Wenlock Edge (railway cuttings near Presthope and Lilleshall Quarry). These, together with specimens from the Sedgwick Museum Collection, from the Birmingham University Collection, and from the British Museum (Natural History), have provided material adequately representative of variations in shape and size. Study has been made of external features, but more particularly of internal characters. The method of investigating the internal structures consists in grinding down the specimen either from the umbones, or from the lateral margin, and taking serial cellulose transfers at regular intervals, from which enlarged scale models may be constructed. Five specimens have been so treated, and as well as the construction of models, use has been made of perspective scale drawings to show the variations in internal structure. Growth lines are preserved on the transfers, but have in addition been examined in thin sections; specimens from Haverfordwest and Rubery preserved as casts have served to throw light on the muscle system, while finally the ventral valves of specimens preserved in shale, have been prepared to show the variations in internal structure.

Comparison of Fitbit One and ActivPAL3TM in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis in a Free-Living Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Golnoush Mehrabani ◽  
Douglas P. Gross ◽  
Saeideh Aminian ◽  
Patricia J. Manns
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Activity Tracker ◽  
User Friendly

Walking is the most common and preferred way for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to be active. Consumer-grade wearable activity monitors may be used as a tool to assist people with MS to track their walking by counting the number of steps. The authors evaluated the validity of Fitbit One activity tracker in individuals with MS by comparing step counts measured over a 7-day period against ActivPAL3TM (AP). Twenty-five ambulatory adults with MS with an average age 51.7 (10.2) years and gait speed 0.98 (0.47) m/s, median Expanded Disability Status Scale 5.5 (2.5–6.5), and 15 years post-MS diagnosis wore Fitbit One (using both waist and ankle placement) and AP for 7 consecutive days. Validity of Fitbit One for measuring step counts against AP was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland–Altman plots, and t tests. Regardless of wearing location (waist or ankle), there was good agreement between steps recorded by Fitbit One and AP (ICC: .86 [.82, .90]). The ankle-worn Fitbit measured steps more accurately (ICC: .91 [.81, .95]) than the waist-worn Fitbit (ICC: .81 [.62, .85]) especially in individuals (n = 12) who walked slowly (gait speed = 0.74 m/s). Fitbit One as a user-friendly, inexpensive, consumer-grade activity tracker can accurately record steps in persons with MS in a free-living environment.

THz spectroscopy for inspection and evaluation of internal structure of sandwich samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Mieloszyk ◽  
Katarzyna Majewska ◽  
Wieslaw Ostachowicz
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Thz Spectroscopy ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complex Samples ◽  
Water Detection ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Honeycomb Filler

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of THz spectroscopy for the inspection and evaluation of the internal structure of complex samples with honeycomb fillers. Design/methodology/approach Three complex samples with honeycomb fillers are investigated using THz spectrometer in order to determine the applicability of chosen non-destructive method for the analysis of internal structure of structural components. The first analysed sample has aluminium honeycomb filler with some cells filled with water. The aim of the analysis is to distinguish empty and full cells. The other two sandwich samples are made of different non-metallic components and for them the possibility of THz spectroscopy application is analysed. Findings The empty and full cells in metal honeycomb filler were easily distinguished due to different absorption coefficients of electromagnetic waves in THz range for air and water. It was especially visible for frequency domain. The THz spectroscopy was able to inspect the non-metallic samples internal structures and distinguish skins (with layers), honeycomb fillers and adhesive layers between them. It was also possible to detect, localise and determine the size of a local damage of honeycomb walls due to impact influence. Originality/value The present study is an original research work. There are very limited literature papers which present analyses of internal structures of sandwich elements using THz spectroscopy and investigate utility of the method for mechanical damage and contamination (water) detection and localisation.

Internal Structure Analysis of a Tobacco Control Network on the U.S.–México Border

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-714
Author(s):  
Theodore V. Cooper ◽  
José Alonso Cabriales ◽  
Thom Taylor ◽  
Nora Hernandez ◽  
Jon Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Control Network ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
The U.S
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