scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Rodgers ◽  
Jarrod Jones ◽  
Samuel I. Bolleddu ◽  
Sahit Vanthenapalli ◽  
Lydia E. Rodgers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Aging Adults

The aging and elderly population are particularly susceptible to cardiovascular disease. Age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults, but these risks are compounded by additional factors, including frailty, obesity, and diabetes. These factors are known to complicate and enhance cardiac risk factors that are associated with the onset of advanced age. Sex is another potential risk factor in aging adults, given that older females are reported to be at a greater risk for CVD than age-matched men. However, in both men and women, the risks associated with CVD increase with age, and these correspond to an overall decline in sex hormones, primarily of estrogen and testosterone. Despite this, hormone replacement therapies are largely shown to not improve outcomes in older patients and may also increase the risks of cardiac events in older adults. This review discusses current findings regarding the impacts of age and gender on heart disease.

Unravelling the tangled web of hypertension and cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (13) ◽  
pp. 1609-1625
Author(s):  
Aristeidis Sionakidis ◽  
Linsay McCallum ◽  
Sandosh Padmanabhan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Interaction Space ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Antineoplastic Treatment ◽  
Bidirectional Associations ◽  
Monogenic Hypertension

Abstract Cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of mortality globally, being responsible for an estimated 17 million deaths every year. Cancer is the second leading cause of death on a global level with roughly 9 million deaths per year being attributed to neoplasms. The two share multiple common risk factors such as obesity, poor physical exercise, older age, smoking and there exists rare monogenic hypertension syndromes. Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and affects more than a billion people worldwide and may also be a risk factor for the development of certain types of cancer (e.g. renal cell carcinoma (RCC)). The interaction space of the two conditions becomes more complicated when the well-described hypertensive effect of certain antineoplastic drugs is considered along with the extensive amount of literature on the association of different classes of antihypertensive drugs with cancer risk/prevention. The cardiovascular risks associated with antineoplastic treatment calls for efficient management of relative adverse events and the development of practical strategies for efficient decision-making in the clinic. Pharmacogenetic interactions between cancer treatment and hypertension-related genes is not to be ruled out, but the evidence is not still ample to be incorporated in clinical practice. Precision Medicine has the potential to bridge the gap of knowledge regarding the full spectrum of interactions between cancer and hypertension (and cardiovascular disease) and provide novel solutions through the emerging field of cardio-oncology. In this review, we aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between cancer and hypertension including pharmacotherapy.

Daily Sedentary Time and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The National FINRISK 2002 Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 904-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Borodulin ◽  
Anja Kärki ◽  
Tiina Laatikainen ◽  
Markku Peltonen ◽  
Riitta Luoto
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Adjusted Model

Background:Daily sitting time may be a risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, this has not yet been extensively studied. Our aim was to study the association of total sitting time with the risk of CVD.Methods:Participants (n = 4516, free of CVD at baseline) from the National FINRISK 2002 Study were followed for fatal and nonfatal CVD using national registers. Participants underwent a health examination and completed questionnaires, including total daily sitting time.Results:During a mean follow-up of 8.6 years, 183 incident CVD cases occurred. Sitting on a typical weekday, at baseline, was statistically significantly associated with fatal and nonfatal incident CVD. The hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals, CI) for the total amount of sitting were 1.05 (95% CI, 1.00–1.10) in the age and gender adjusted model and 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01–1.11) in the fully adjusted model, including age, gender, employment status, education, BMI, smoking status, leisure time physical activity, use of vegetables and fruit, alcohol use, blood pressure or its medication, and cholesterol or its medication.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that total amount of daily sitting is a risk factor for incident CVD. More research is needed to understand the etiology of sedentary behavior and CVD.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Female Rat Models in Translational Cardiovascular Aging Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Rice ◽  
J. C. Fannin ◽  
C. Gillette ◽  
E. R. Blough
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Derived Data ◽  
Primary Risk Factor

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women in the United States. Aging is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease as well as cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Aging is a universal process that all humans undergo; however, research in aging is limited by cost and time constraints. Therefore, most research in aging has been done in primates and rodents; however it is unknown how well the effects of aging in rat models translate into humans. To compound the complication of aging gender has also been indicated as a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. This review addresses the systemic pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system associated with aging and gender for aging research with regard to the applicability of rat derived data for translational application to human aging.

LDL Discordance in Pediatric Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 6003-6003
Author(s):  
Galit Rosen ◽  
Gabriel Q Shaibi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Pediatric All

Abstract Background: Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a four-fold excess risk of mortality secondary to cardiovascular events compared to the general population. While it is well-known that LDL has a role in atherogenesis and subsequent cardiac events, recent studies consistently show that LDL particle number (LDLp) is a stronger, independent predictor of coronary heart disease in adults compared to LDL-cholesterol (LDLc), especially when the values are discordant. There is emerging evidence that LDL discordance also occurs in children. We studied this phenomenon in pediatric ALL survivors and identify associated risk factors. Methods: Complete data were available from 64 patients enrolled in the Phoenix Children’s Hospital pediatric cancer survivorship registry. Patients were 12.9±3.5 years of age (range: 7.7-22.7 years) with a mean time off therapy of 5.5±2.6 years (range 2.3-11.4 years). LDLc and LDLp were assessed by NMR spectroscopy. Patients were assessed by a registered dietician for calcium, fat, and fruit intake as well as physical activity. Ideal LDLc and LDLp were defined as <160 mg/dL and <1600 nmol/L, respectively, based on American Heart Association guidelines for people with standard cardiac risk. Discordance was classified based on ideal vs. not-ideal status for each parameter. Results: Mean BMI was 22.7±5.7 kg/m2 (range 14-38 kg/m2); mean BMI percentile was 73.1±26.1% (0.9-99.5%) with 42% of patients considered overweight or obese at the time of evaluation. Mean LDLc and LDLp were 79±25.5 mg/dL (29-164 nmol/L) and 1124±517 nmol/L (411-2837 nmol/L), respectively, with 89% (n=56) of survivors exhibiting ideal LDLc and 47% (n=30) of survivors exhibiting ideal LDLp. In a subgroup of patients with ideal LDLc, 40.6% (n=26) exhibited not-ideal LDLp and were classified as discordant. Regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and gender, BMI (p<0.00001) and LDLc (p<0.00001) were significant independent predictors of LDLp while lifestyle factors and time off therapy were not significant predictors of LDLp. When patients were grouped as concordant (ideal LDLc and LDLp, n=30) or discordant (ideal LDLc and elevated LDLp, n=25), BMI was 17.6% higher in the discordant group (25.0±5.4 kg/m2 vs. 20.6±5.0 kg/m2, p=0.003). Conclusion: In this population of pediatric ALL survivors, LDLc measurements may not provide a complete assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. Given that LDLp is an early predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, conventional lipid testing may underestimate the true cardiovascular disease risk in ALL survivors. Survivors may benefit from early, expanded screening and targeted intervention. Further studies should focus on the broader pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in pediatric ALL survivors. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK STRATIFICATION OF NON-CARDIAC SURGICAL INTERVENTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
O. N. Dzhioeva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Negative Prognostic Factor

The article is an overview of foreign data on the evaluation of diastolic function disorders as a predictor of cardiovascular complications in non-cardiac surgical interventions. This problem is of significant practical interest, since in modern recommendations on the stratification of cardiac risk of perioperative complications, diastolic dysfunction is not identified as a negative prognostic factor. Although current guidelines on perioperative assessment of cardiovascular risks in extracardiac surgery do not evaluate diastolic dysfunction as a risk factor, more and more data indicate a higher incidence of serious adverse cardiac events, a longer hospital stay in patients with diastolic CHF. The article presents modern evidence supporting the need to include diastolic dysfunction in the risk stratification of non-cardiac surgical interventions.

Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality after Surgery for Gastrointestinal Carcinomas

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 833-836
Author(s):  
Matthew Lin ◽  
Jason Haukoos ◽  
Amir Tahernia ◽  
Christian De Virgilio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiac Event ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
Clinical Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Cardiac Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Cardiac Event Rate

The number of Americans undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is increasing, as is the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Clinical risk factors have been found to be useful in predicting cardiac events after vascular procedures. Their utility for predicting cardiac events after GI carcinoma surgery is unclear. We performed a retrospective review in order to determine whether clinical risk factors are useful in predicting cardiac events in patients undergoing GI carcinoma surgery and to ascertain the incidence of postoperative cardiac events. From 1998 to 2003, 333 patients were identified, with an average age of 56 years. One hundred one (30.3%) patients had one or more clinical risk factors. The overall cardiac event rate was 3.9 per cent. Age >70 years was the only risk factor associated with a cardiac event. There was a trend toward increased cardiac risk with increasing number of risk factors. In the absence of clinical risk factors, cardiac events after surgery for GI carcinoma are low. There is an increased cardiac risk in patients >70 years and a trend toward increased cardiac events as the number of clinical risk factors increases.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in control of blood pressure

2013 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Maranon ◽  
Jane F. Reckelhoff
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Androgen Levels

In recent years, the interest in studying the impact of sex steroids and gender on the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease has been growing. Women are protected from most cardiovascular events compared with men until after menopause, and postmenopausal women are at increased risk of cardiovascular complications compared with premenopausal women. The pathophysiological mechanisms have not been elucidated, but are not likely to be as simple as the presence or absence of oestrogens, since hormone replacement therapy in elderly women in the Women's Health Initiative or HERS (Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study) did not provide primary or secondary prevention against cardiovascular events. Men are also thought to be at risk of cardiovascular disease at earlier ages than women, and these mechanisms too are not likely to be as simple as the presence of testosterone, since androgen levels fall in men with cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. In fact, many investigators now believe that it is the reduction in androgen levels that frequently accompanies chronic disease and may exacerbate cardiovascular disease in men. In the present review, the roles of sex steroids and gender in mediating or protecting against hypertension and cardiovascular disease will be discussed.

Association of abiraterone and higher odds of cardiac complications compared to enzalutamide.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 70-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Blanchard Cone ◽  
Stephen Reese ◽  
Maya Marchese ◽  
Junaid Nabi ◽  
Kerry L. Kilbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Reporting Odds Ratio ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Resistant Disease

70 Background: The standard of care for advanced prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The novel second generation agents abiraterone and enzalutamide were initially approved in castration resistant disease, but are now being used in the hormone sensitive setting. The FDA issued a 2010 warning about cardiovascular risks associated with ADT, but the risk of novel agents is less well understood, especially in comparison to each other. We sought to define the comparative cardiac risk profile of enzalutamide and abiraterone. Methods: We used VigiBase, the World Health Organization database of individual case safety reports, which collects data from more than 130 countries to identify drug associated adverse events (AE). Using Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terminology, we identified cardiac AEs related to abiraterone or enzalutamide therapy for prostate cancer. To explore a possible relationship we used the reporting odds ratio (ROR), a surrogate measure of association using all other reactions as non-cases. A lower bound of a 95% confidence interval of ROR > 1 reflects a disproportionality signal that more AEs are observed than expected due to chance. Results: Vigibase contained 8203 AEs for abiraterone and 26024 for enzalutamide; 808 (9.9%) were cardiac-related for abiraterone, and 1000 for enzalutamide (3.8%). We found no disproportionality signal for cardiac events or any subtype for enzalutamide, but identified significantly higher odds of overall cardiac events (ROR 1.64, 95% CI 1.53—1.76), myocardial infarction (1.34, 1.17—1.58), arrythmia (2.09, 1.87—2.34), and heart failure (3.35, 2.92—3.85) for patients taking abiraterone. Conclusions: Using validated pharmacovigilance methodology, we found significantly increased odds of cardiac events for abiraterone but not for enzalutamide. Clinicians may need to consider these findings in the context of their patients’ comorbidities when prescribing ADT.

scholarly journals Increased retinal venular calibre in acute infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Fitt ◽  
Thao Vi Luong ◽  
Damian Cresp ◽  
Anastasia Hutchinson ◽  
Karen Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Vascular Risk Factor ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Cardiac Events

AbstractPopulation-based studies have demonstrated that increased retinal venular calibre is a risk factor for cardiac disease, cardiac events and stroke. Venular dilatation also occurs with diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and autoimmune disease where it is attributed to inflammation. This study examined whether the inflammation associated with infections also affected microvascular calibre. Participants with infections and CRP levels  >  100 mg/L were recruited from the medical wards of a teaching hospital and assisted to complete a demographic and vascular risk factor questionnaire, and to undergo non-mydriatic retinal photography (Canon CR5-45NM, Japan). They were then treated with appropriate antibiotics, and underwent repeat retinal imaging when their CRP levels had fallen to less than 100 mg/L. Retinal images were examined for arteriole and venular calibre using validated semi-automated software based on Knudtson’s modification of the Parr-Hubbard formula (IVAN, U Wisconsin). Differences in inflammatory markers and calibre were examined using the paired t-test for continuous variables. Determinants of calibre were calculated from multiple linear regression analysis. Forty-one participants with respiratory (27, 66%), urinary (6, 15%), skin (5, 12%), or miscellaneous (3, 7%) infections were studied. After antibiotic treatment, participants’ mean CRP levels fell from 172.9 ± 68.4 mg/L to 42.2 ± 28.2 mg/L (p < 0.0001) and mean neutrophil counts fell from 9 ± 4 × 109/L to 6 ± 3 × 109/L (p < 0.0001). The participants’ mean venular calibre (CRVE) decreased from 240.9 ± 26.9 MU to 233.4 ± 23.5 MU (p = 0.0017) but arteriolar calibre (CRAE) was unchanged (156.9 ± 15.2 MU and 156.2 ± 16.0 MU, p = 0.84). Thirteen additional participants with infections had a CRP > 100 mg/L that persisted at review (199.2 ± 59.0 and 159.4 ± 40.7 mg/L, p = 0.055). Their CRAE and CRVE were not different before and after antibiotic treatment (p = 0.96, p = 0.78). Hospital inpatients with severe infections had retinal venular calibre that decreased as their infections resolved and CRP levels fell after antibiotic treatment. The changes in venular calibre with intercurrent infections may confound retinal vascular assessments of, for example, blood pressure control and cardiac risk.

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