scholarly journals Evaluation of a Push-Pull System for the Management of Frankliniella Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Tomato

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Tyler-Julian ◽  
Joe Funderburk ◽  
Mrittunjai Srivastava ◽  
Steve Olson ◽  
Scott Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Pull System ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Pull Strategy ◽  
Companion Plants

A push-pull strategy for reducing populations of the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), F. bispinosa (Morgan) and F. tritici (Fitch) in tomato was evaluated. Push components consisted of ultraviolet (UV)-reflective mulch and foliar applications of kaolin and the pull component consisted of the companion plant Bidens alba (L.). Replicated field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012. Adult and larval thrips were reduced by UV-reflective mulch during early and mid-flowering of tomato. Spray applications of kaolin were effective in reducing adult and larval thrips during early, mid- and late-flowering. The pull effects of the B. alba companion plants were additive and sometimes interactive with the push effects of UV-reflective mulch and kaolin in reducing the adult males of each thrips species and the females of F. bispinosa. The strategy was not effective in reducing the adult females of F. tritici and F. occidentalis. In addition to attracting the Frankliniella species adults, the companion plants were hosts for the thrips predator Orius insidiosus (Say). The companion plants combined with UV-reflective mulch and kaolin proved effective as a push-pull system for suppressing flower thrips, including F. occidentalis which is a serious pest of tomato worldwide.

scholarly journals Integrated Management of Tomato Spotted Wilt on Field-Grown Tomatoes

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 882-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Momol ◽  
S. M. Olson ◽  
J. E. Funderburk ◽  
J. Stavisky ◽  
J. J. Marois
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Plant Activator ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Epidemics of spotted wilt caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) vectored by Frankliniella occidentalis and possibly other thrips species occur regularly in tomato in the southeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of UV-reflective mulch, acibenzolar-S-methyl (plant activator), and insecticides on progress of tomato spotted wilt incidence and population dynamics of flower thrips (including F. occidentalis, F. tritici, and F. bispinosa). Whole plots of tomatoes grown on UV-reflective and black polyethylene mulch were divided into subplots of acibenzolar-S-methyl and no acibenzolar-S-methyl, and sub-subplots of insecticide and no insecticide for thrips control. The UV-reflective mulch was more effective than black polyethylene mulch each year in reducing colonization of thrips in May and the consequent primary infections of tomato spotted wilt. Application of acibenzolar-S-methyl further reduced tomato spotted wilt incidence in 2000 and 2002, when disease pressure was great. Reproduction of thrips on tomato was poor in these experiments, but their control in the insecticide-treated sub-subplots prevented secondary spread in both years. The combination of UV-reflective mulch, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and insecticides was very effective in reducing tomato spotted wilt incidence in tomato.

Spinetoram Is Compatible with the Key Natural Enemy of Frankliniella Species Thrips in Pepper

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrittunjai Srivastava ◽  
Lara Bosco ◽  
Joe Funderburk ◽  
Anthony Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Natural Predator ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Risk

Feeding by the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, causes damage to the fruits of pepper, and the species is the key vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Effective management integrates conservation of populations of the natural predator, Orius insidiosus, with the use of reduced-risk insecticides, namely spinosad. We conducted field experiments in northern Florida in 2005 and 2006 and in central Florida in 2006 to evaluate the new reduced-risk insecticide spinetoram for control of thrips and to determine the impact on natural populations of O. insidiosus. Spinetoram at 61 g ai/ha was as effective as spinosad at 140 g ai/ha against the western flower thrips and the other common thrips in Florida, Frankliniella tritici and Frankliniella bispinosa. The mean numbers of the predator were very high in all treatments in each experiment, and their numbers relative to the numbers of thrips indicated that predation was sufficient to suppress thrips populations in all treatments. Broad-spectrum insecticides when included in the experiments provided little or no control; sometimes, they flared thrips numbers compared to untreated pepper. Accepted for publication 25 October 2007. Published 18 January 2008.

Population Distribution of Flower Thrips and the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Nectarines and their Relative Association with Injury to Fruit in the Southeastern United States2

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Yonce ◽  
R. J. Beshear ◽  
J. A. Payne ◽  
D. L. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Neohydatothrips Variabilis ◽  
Soybean Thrips

Thrips populations and injury attributed to thrips feeding on fruit surfaces was monitored in unsprayed middle Georgia nectarines during 1986 – 1988. The flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and the soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach), were the most abundant thrips species recovered from the orchard. Their relative abundance changed each year. The western flower thrips particularly appears to be most damaging in causing russeting on fruit surfaces. Silvering injury was caused by either or both of the flower thrips and coincided with peak populations of adults at or near final fruit swell. Soybean thrips caused little or no injury to fruit. None of the above mentioned flower thrips species were recovered from various weed and grass species in and near the nectarine orchard during two years of overwintering studies.

scholarly journals Complexity and local specificity of the virome associated with tospovirus-transmitting thrips species.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chiapello ◽  
Lara Bosco ◽  
M. Ciuffo ◽  
S. Ottati ◽  
N. Salem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Neohydatothrips Variabilis

Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips=WFT) and Thrips tabaci (onion thrips=OT) are insect species that greatly impact horticultural crops through direct damage and their efficient vectoring of tomato spotted wilt virus and iris yellow spot virus. In this study we collected thrips of these species from 12 field populations in various regions in Italy. We also included one field population of Neohydatothrips variabilis (soybean thrips=ST) from the U.S.A. Total RNAseq from high-throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to assemble the virome and then we assigned putative viral contigs to each thrips sample by qRT-PCR. Excluding plant and fungal viruses, we were able to identify 61 viral segments, corresponding to 41 viruses: 14 were assigned to WFT, 17 to OT, one from ST and 9 viruses could not be assigned to any species based on our stringent criteria. All these viruses are putative representative of new species (with only the exception of a sobemo-like virus that is 100% identical to a virus recently characterized in ST) and some belong to new higher-ranking taxa. These additions to the viral phylogeny suggest previously undescribed evolutionary niches. Most of the Baltimore’s classes of RNA viruses were present (positive- and minus- strand and dsRNA viruses), but only one DNA virus was identified in our collection. Repeated sampling in a subset of locations in 2019 and 2020 and further virus characterization in a subset of four thrips populations maintained in laboratory allowed us to provide evidence of a locally persistent thrips core virome that characterizes each population. IMPORTANCE Harnessing the insect microbiome can result in new approaches to contain their populations or the damage they cause vectoring viruses of medical, veterinary, or agricultural importance. Persistent insect viruses are a neglected component of their microbiota. Here for the first time, we characterize the virome associated with the two model systems for tospovirus-transmitting thrips species, of utmost importance for the direct and indirect damage they cause to a number of different crops. The thrips virome here characterized includes several novel viruses, that in some cases reveal previously undescribed clades. More importantly, some of the viruses we describe are part of a core virome that is specific and consistently present in distinct geographical locations monitored over the years, hinting at a possible mutualistic symbiotic relationship with their host.

scholarly journals Diversity and seasonal fluctuation of thrips species on yellow tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
S. He ◽  
M-C. Nielsen ◽  
L.L. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Onion Thrips ◽  
Lupinus Arboreus ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species

Yellow tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus) an abundant weed in New Zealand is host to several economically important thrips species The diversity and relative abundance of thrips found on yellow tree lupin were measured weekly via handcollections over the 2008/09 summer at two locations in Canterbury separated by 8 km From the 1540 thrips that were collected and slidemounted eight thrips species were identified The most abundant species was New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) followed by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) the lupin strain of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Thrips vulgatissimus Thrips australis Limothrips cerealium Chirothrips manicatus and Tenothrips frici The largest variation in relative abundance occurred in early December with onion thrips dominant at Killinchy and western 64258;ower thrips dominant at Rakaia In late December at Rakaia the dominant species shifted to New Zealand 64258;ower thrips This indicates considerable spatial and temporal variation in relative abundance of thrips species

scholarly journals First Report of Frankliniella fusca as a Vector of Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 1211-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Naidu ◽  
C. M. Deom ◽  
J. L. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus ◽  
Necrotic Spot ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Access Period ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Transmission Studies

Of more than a dozen members of the genus Tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) are among the most damaging viruses found in North America (3). TSWV is a major problem in vegetable and field crops, whereas INSV is commonly encountered in the floriculture and nursery industries. TSWV is transmitted by several thrips species, of which the western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) is the most predominant vector. INSV has been reported to be transmitted only by WFT (1). To determine if tobacco thrips (TT, F. fusca Hinds) can transmit INSV, a virus-free culture of TT was reared on detached peanut cv. Florunner leaves in 0.5-liter polypropylene cups with closed lids at 25 ± 2°C with constant light. Fresh peanut leaves were exchanged every 2 to 3 days to maintain the thrips colony. For transmission studies, adult thrips were confined on peanut leaves for 24 h for oviposition and then the peanut leaves, sans adults thrips, were transferred to a new cup. Leaves were examined daily for larval emergence, and similarly aged first instar larvae (<12 h old) were given an acquisition access period of 24 to 48 h on INSV-infected detached leaves of Emilia sonchifolia. The larvae were subsequently transferred to healthy peanut leaves and reared until adult emergence. Groups of 10 adults per plant were given a 48-h inoculation access period on 10-day-old healthy E. sonchifolia seedlings. Thrips were subsequently killed, and the plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 28 ± 2°C, and with a 16/8 light/dark photoperiod. Transmission studies were repeated 10 times with different sources of infected plants and different batches of larvae following acquisition access periods. Seven to ten days after inoculation, plants developed symptoms consisting of chlorotic spots, mosaic, and mottling. The presence of INSV in these symptomatic plants was confirmed by ELISA using INSV ImmunoStrip Test (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay with primers specific to the INSV-NSs gene. Our results demonstrate that TT can serve as a vector of INSV. INSV has been reported in peanut in the southeastern United States (2). WFT and TT transmit TSWV in peanuts, with the latter being the predominant vector species in Georgia and other parts of the region. TT transmission of INSV is of concern because of the increased incidence in recent years of INSV in peanuts and the potential for synergistic or gene exchange between TSWV and INSV, since mixed infections with both viruses have been observed (4). References: (1) M. L. Daughtrey et al. Plant Dis. 81:1220, 1997. (2) S. S. Pappu et al. Plant Dis. 83:966, 1999. (3). J. L. Sherwood et al. Pages 1034–1040 in: Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. C. Maloy and T. D. Murray, eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2001. (4) L. Wells et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 94:S94, 2001.

scholarly journals Effect of Plastic Mulch Color and Insecticides on Thrips Populations and Damage to Tomato

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve L. Brown ◽  
James E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Black Plastic

In each of 3 years, the average number of thrips in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Mountain Pride) blooms was greater on tomatoes grown on white plastic mulch than on tomatoes grown on black plastic mulch, aluminum plastic mulch, or bare ground. Early season differences, however, diminished with time as plants grew and shaded a larger portion of plastic mulch. Weekly applications of 12 insecticide treatments failed to reduce thrips populations below that found in the control. No significant differences were found among treatments in the quantity, quality, or earliness of tomato yields. Incidence of tomato spotted wilt (vectored by some thrips species) was too low to detect statistical differences or determine the importance of thrips population in disease epidemiology. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was the most common species found, followed by eastern flower thrips (F. tritici) and tobacco thrips (F. fusca). Thrips control, in the absence of tomato spotted wilt, is not justified for the thrips populations encountered in this study.

A Survey of Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Infesting Cotton Seedlings in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Cook ◽  
Charles T. Allen ◽  
Eugene Burris ◽  
Barry L. Freeman ◽  
Gary A. Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Neohydatothrips Variabilis ◽  
Soybean Thrips

The common species of thrips that are considered pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), include flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch); tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds); western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman); and soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach). Thrips feeding on cotton seedlings can inhibit plant growth, reduce plant stand, delay crop maturity, and reduce seed-cotton yield. Surveys were conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee to determine the thrips species infesting cotton seedlings during 1996 to 1999. Cotton seedlings were sampled weekly between 7 and 48 days after plant emergence at one to four field sites in each state. Over 12,000 thrips adults were collected using plant washing procedures with 9,005 individuals mounted on slides, and identified to species. The tobacco thrips was the most common species collected in all states, except Georgia, and comprised at least 63% of the thrips adults in all instances, except four. The occurrence of flower thrips and soybean thrips was variable; however, neither species accounted for more than 21% of thrips identified in each state. Western flower thrips accounted for less than 15% of adults collected in all instances except two (28% and 30%) in Louisiana. Also, individual specimens of Thrips nigropilosus Uzel and Anophothrips obscurus Müller were collected in Alabama, and several specimens of Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) were collected in Arkansas and Louisiana.

scholarly journals Tomato spotted wilt virus Can Infect Resistant Tomato when Western Flower Thrips Inoculate Blossoms

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 1666-1670 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Houle ◽  
G. G. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt is a major disease of crops worldwide. Resistant cultivars carrying the Sw-5 allele for resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) provide the most effective control method in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, infections of fruit on Sw-5+ tomato plants suggest the virus resistance may not be fully expressed in blossoms or developing fruit. The objective of this study was to determine if the thrips vector, the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), can transmit non-resistance breaking Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates when confined to blossoms on plants with and without the Sw-5 resistance allele. Twenty-one percent of 33 Sw-5+ plants inoculated by adult thrips feeding on blossom clusters or small fruit developed infections in the reproductive tissue, whereas 68% of 25 Sw-5– plants developed infections. Systemic infections also occurred following inoculation of blossoms in host genotypes with and without Sw-5. These results were further supported by field experiments that showed high proportions of infected fruit as well as a limited infection of foliage on the same stem as the infected fruit in Sw-5+ plants when F. occidentalis were abundant in blossoms. These findings help to explain observations of abundant late season infections of Sw-5 cultivars in commercial plantings and suggest that management of F. occidentalis infestations during the bloom period may be important for effective management of TSWV in susceptible tomato cultivars as well as cultivars expressing the Sw-5 allele for TSW resistance.

scholarly journals Comparison of thrips sensitivity of three commercial chrysanthemum cultivars

Gradus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Tímea Kelemen ◽  
János Ágoston
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Onion Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci)are very important pests of vegetables and ornamentals grown under protected conditions. Both are vectors of several Orthotospovirusspecies. We wanted to know if these insects have a host preference and a gradation period, so we contacted a cut chrysanthemum grower in south Bács-Kiskun county if he would allow us to followupthe occurrence of these thrips species in his nursery. We carried out our trial from 2015 to 2019 on 3 cultivars. These cultivars are popular cut flowers in Hungary and are grown successfully by many growers. Basedon our results we were able to answer both questions.

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