scholarly journals Overwintering Larval Cold Tolerance of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae): Geographic Variation in Northeast China

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Li ◽  
Jiahe Pei ◽  
Jiale Li ◽  
Xiaobo Liu ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Freeze Avoidance ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Tolerance Strategy ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
Short Period

Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an invasive pest that has spread and established in many regions worldwide. However, its cold tolerance strategy is still unclear. We measured the supercooling point (SCP) and the lower lethal temperature (LLT) of overwintering S. noctilio larvae during three overwintering periods in four geographically separated populations in China. In addition, using the statistical analysis of the local historical temperature data, we also conducted comprehensive studies of S. noctilio cold tolerance variations and strategies. We measured the SCP of all samples as S. noctilio could survive at its SCP during a short period of exposure (<48 h) and its cold tolerance strategy was freeze-avoidance. The average SCPs of the groups in different spatiotemporal scales were significantly related to average temperature variation with most individuals exhibiting stronger cold hardiness at low ambient temperatures. S. noctilio exhibited a strong cold tolerance and it has the ability to withstand lower temperatures in cold environments. The geographic population showed a positive tendency as the ambient temperature decreased, which would increase its chance of developing in cold regions.

scholarly journals Cold tolerance strategy and cold hardiness of the invasive zigzag elm sawfly Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Gábor Vétek ◽  
Veronika Fekete ◽  
Márta Ladányi ◽  
Elena Cargnus ◽  
Pietro Zandigiacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Tolerance Strategy

Supercooling points of diapausing forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) eggs

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny A. Uelmen ◽  
John G. Duman ◽  
Richard L. Lindroth ◽  
Ezra G. Schwartzberg ◽  
Kenneth F. Raffa
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Freeze Avoidance ◽  
Tolerance Strategy ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Survival Patterns ◽  
Population Source ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

AbstractForest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstriaHübner; Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is a widely distributed defoliator that undergoes intermittent outbreaks. It overwinters as pharate larvae within egg bands, is univoltine, and experiences low winter temperatures in its northern range. Little is known about how low temperatures affect winter survival and cold tolerances, their cold tolerance strategy, or how cold tolerances may vary over time and among populations. We evaluated supercooling points (SCPs) from four populations ofM. disstriaeggs collected along a 552 km latitudinal gradient from southern Wisconsin to northern Minnesota, United States of America. To test for potential effects of winter environment, we also administered three overwintering regimes (Madison, Wisconsin; Cloquet, Minnesota; Ely, Minnesota). Supercooling points were recorded in November, February, and March of 2011–2012. Supercooling points varied with maternal source (egg band), time of winter season, population source, and overwintering treatment. Means ranged from −26.8 °C (±0.5 °C) to −40.3 °C (±0.3 °C), accordingly. In a separate laboratory experiment, 89% of pharate larvae held at −20 °C (18.3 °C above coolest mean SCP) survived, but none held at −45 °C (6.7 °C below lowest mean SCP) survived. This relatively high degree of cold tolerance in its overwintering stage, due to freeze avoidance, may partially explain survival patterns and limits of overwinteringM. disstriain northern populations.

Supercooling Points of Adult Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) From a Population Near the Northern Distribution Limit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E M Yunik ◽  
Neil B Chilton
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Northern Distribution ◽  
Dog Tick ◽  
Provincial Park ◽  
Established Population

Abstract The northern distributional limit of Dermacentor variabilis Say, the American dog tick, is expanding in Saskatchewan and Manitoba (western Canada). The ability of D. variabilis to continue to expand its range northwards will depend upon the ability of individuals within populations at the species distributional edge to withstand very low temperatures during winter. One component of cold hardiness is the supercooling point (SCP), the temperature below 0°C at which an individual freezes. In this study, the SCP was determined for 94 questing D. variabilis adults (44 females and 50 males) from an established population near Blackstrap Provincial Park in Saskatchewan. SCP values ranged from −18.2 to −6.7°C, with a median of −13.3°C. This suggests that host-seeking D. variabilis adults differ in their ability to survive exposure to subzero temperatures, for at least a short period of time, without freezing. The distribution of SCPs was bimodal, but there was no significant difference in SCP values between female and male ticks, and no relationship between SCP and tick body weight. It remains to be determined what factors contribute to the variation in SCP values among questing D. variabilis adults.

Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paris Lambdin
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Atriplex Canescens ◽  
Phenacoccus Solenopsis ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cotton Mealybug

Abstract This mealybug species has the ability to increase rapidly in population size and spread to cover vast areas where host plants occur, in a relatively short period of time. It has been reported from over 200 hosts. Since the original description of P. solenopsis from Atriplex canescens in New Mexico, USA in 1898, no reports on its presence were reported until 1967 (McKenzie, 1967; McDaniel, 1975). Later, Fuchs et al. (1991) reported small, sporadic populations on cotton in Runnels County, Texas, USA in 1988 that spread 75 to 200 miles from the original site with contiguous populations by 1990. With the increase in international trade over the last few decades, this invasive pest has been collected and identified on host material at international ports and in greenhouses outside its native range (Jansen, 2004). As such, P. solenopsis has become established in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions.

scholarly journals A Maximum Entropy Model Predicts the Potential Geographic Distribution of Sirex noctilio

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Xueting Sun ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Youqing Luo
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Maximum Entropy Model ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Mean Temperature

Sirex noctilio, the Sirex woodwasp, is an invasive pest that causes significant economic damage to native and commercial conifer stands through the introduction of a fungal wood decay pathogen. We combined the latitudes and longitudes of S. noctilio distribution points with historical climate data to predict its potential global distribution using a maximum entropy model implemented in the Maxent software. The annual mean temperature, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and the precipitation of the wettest month were important meteorological factors that affected the predictions, probably because they have a strong effect on the development of S. noctilio. Our predictions cover the most recent occurrence sites of S. noctilio in China. We predict that suitable habitats for S. noctilio are currently concentrated between 30° N to 60° N and 25° S to 55° S on the world map. All continents except for Antarctica contain suitable areas for S. noctilio, and such areas account for approximately 26% of the total area of these six continents. Predictions for 2050 and 2070 show that global climate change will affect the distribution of S. noctilio. With a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, areas of moderate to high habitat suitability for S. noctilio will increase; with an increase in emissions, these areas will decrease.

scholarly journals Surviving the Antarctic Winter—Life Stage Cold Tolerance and Ice Entrapment Survival in The Invasive Chironomid Midge Eretmoptera murphyi

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesamine C. Bartlett ◽  
Peter Convey ◽  
Scott A. L. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Freeze Tolerant ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Assessment Of Stress

An insect’s ability to tolerate winter conditions is a critical determinant of its success. This is true for both native and invasive species, and especially so in harsh polar environments. The midge Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera, Chironomidae) is invasive to maritime Antarctic Signy Island, and the ability of fourth instar larvae to tolerate freezing is hypothesized to allow the species to extend its range further south. However, no detailed assessment of stress tolerance in any other life stage has yet been conducted. Here, we report that, although larvae, pupae and adults all have supercooling points (SCPs) of around −5 °C, only the larvae are freeze-tolerant, and that cold-hardiness increases with larval maturity. Eggs are freeze-avoiding and have an SCP of around −17 °C. At −3.34 °C, the CTmin activity thresholds of adults are close to their SCP of −5 °C, and they are likely chill-susceptible. Larvae could not withstand the anoxic conditions of ice entrapment or submergence in water beyond 28 d. The data obtained here indicate that the cold-tolerance characteristics of this invasive midge would permit it to colonize areas further south, including much of the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.

scholarly journals miR-31-5p regulates cold acclimation of the wood-boring beetle Monochamus alternatus via ascaroside signaling

BMC Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Lilin Zhao ◽  
Jing Ning ◽  
Jacob D. Wickham ◽  
Haokai Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Adaptation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Metabolic Depression ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Freeze Avoidance ◽  
Thermal Plasticity

Abstract Background Survival to cold stress in insects living in temperate environments requires the deployment of strategies that lead to physiological changes involved in freeze tolerance or freeze avoidance. These strategies may consist of, for instance, the induction of metabolic depression, accumulation of cryoprotectants, or the production of antifreeze proteins, however, little is known about the way such mechanisms are regulated and the signals involved in their activation. Ascarosides are signaling molecules usually known to regulate nematode behavior and development, whose expression was recently found to relate to thermal plasticity in the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus. Accumulating evidence also points to miRNAs as another class of regulators differentially expressed in response to cold stress, which are predicted to target genes involved in cold adaptation of insects. Here, we demonstrate a novel pathway involved in insect cold acclimation, through miRNA-mediated regulation of ascaroside function. Results We initially discovered that experimental cold acclimation can enhance the beetle’s cold hardiness. Through screening and functional verification, we found miR-31-5p, upregulated under cold stress, significantly contributes to this enhancement. Mechanistically, miR-31-5p promotes production of an ascaroside (asc-C9) in the beetle by negatively targeting the rate-limiting enzyme, acyl-CoA oxidase in peroxisomal β-oxidation cycles. Feeding experiments with synthetic asc-C9 suggests it may serve as a signal to promote cold acclimation through metabolic depression and accumulation of cryoprotectants with specific gene expression patterns. Conclusions Our results point to important roles of miRNA-mediated regulation of ascaroside function in insect cold adaptation. This enhanced cold tolerance may allow higher survival of M. alternatus in winter and be pivotal in shaping its wide distribution range, greatly expanding the threat of pine wilt disease, and thus can also inspire the development of ascaroside-based pest management strategies.

Parasites and low temperatures

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (S1) ◽  
pp. S7-S17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wharton
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Epidemiological Significance

SUMMARYLow temperatures affect the rate of growth, development and metabolism of parasites and when temperatures fall below 0°C may expose the parasite to the potentially lethal risk of freezing. Some parasites have mechanisms, such as diapause, which synchronise their life cycle with favourable seasons and the availability of hosts. Parasites of endothermic hosts are protected from low temperatures by the thermoregulatory abilities of their host. Free-living and off-host stages, however, may be exposed to subzero temperatures and both freezing-tolerant and freeze-avoiding strategies of cold hardiness are found. Parasites of ectothermic hosts may be exposed to subzero temperatures within their hosts. They can rely on the cold tolerance adaptations of their host or they may develop their own mechanisms. Exposure to low temperatures may occur within the carcass of the host and this may be of epidemiological significance if the parasite can be transmitted via the consumption of the carcass.

Physiological trade-offs of forming maggot masses by necrophagous flies on vertebrate carrion

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Rivers ◽  
C. Thompson ◽  
R. Brogan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Physiological Benefits

AbstractNecrophagous flies that colonize human and animal corpses are extremely efficient at locating and utilizing carrion. Adult flies deposit eggs or larvae on the ephemeral food resource, which signals the beginning of intense inter- and intra-species competition. Within a short period of time after egg hatch, large larval aggregations or maggot masses form. A period of intense larval feeding ensues that will culminate with consumption/decomposition of all soft tissues associated with the corpse. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of these feeding aggregations is heat production; that is, the capacity to generate internal heat that can exceed ambient temperatures by 30°C or more. While observations of maggot mass formation and heat generation have been described in the research literature for more than 50 years, our understanding of maggot masses, particularly the physiological ecology of the aggregations as a whole, is rudimentary. In this review, an examination of what is known about the formation of maggot masses is presented, as well as arguments for the physiological benefits and limitations of developing in feeding aggregations that, at times, can represent regions of intense competition, overcrowded conditions, or a microclimate with elevated temperatures approaching or exceeding proteotoxic stress levels.

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