scholarly journals Cold tolerance strategy and cold hardiness of the invasive zigzag elm sawfly Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Gábor Vétek ◽  
Veronika Fekete ◽  
Márta Ladányi ◽  
Elena Cargnus ◽  
Pietro Zandigiacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Tolerance Strategy

scholarly journals Overwintering Larval Cold Tolerance of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae): Geographic Variation in Northeast China

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Li ◽  
Jiahe Pei ◽  
Jiale Li ◽  
Xiaobo Liu ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Freeze Avoidance ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Tolerance Strategy ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
Short Period

Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an invasive pest that has spread and established in many regions worldwide. However, its cold tolerance strategy is still unclear. We measured the supercooling point (SCP) and the lower lethal temperature (LLT) of overwintering S. noctilio larvae during three overwintering periods in four geographically separated populations in China. In addition, using the statistical analysis of the local historical temperature data, we also conducted comprehensive studies of S. noctilio cold tolerance variations and strategies. We measured the SCP of all samples as S. noctilio could survive at its SCP during a short period of exposure (<48 h) and its cold tolerance strategy was freeze-avoidance. The average SCPs of the groups in different spatiotemporal scales were significantly related to average temperature variation with most individuals exhibiting stronger cold hardiness at low ambient temperatures. S. noctilio exhibited a strong cold tolerance and it has the ability to withstand lower temperatures in cold environments. The geographic population showed a positive tendency as the ambient temperature decreased, which would increase its chance of developing in cold regions.

scholarly journals Surviving the Antarctic Winter—Life Stage Cold Tolerance and Ice Entrapment Survival in The Invasive Chironomid Midge Eretmoptera murphyi

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesamine C. Bartlett ◽  
Peter Convey ◽  
Scott A. L. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Freeze Tolerant ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Assessment Of Stress

An insect’s ability to tolerate winter conditions is a critical determinant of its success. This is true for both native and invasive species, and especially so in harsh polar environments. The midge Eretmoptera murphyi (Diptera, Chironomidae) is invasive to maritime Antarctic Signy Island, and the ability of fourth instar larvae to tolerate freezing is hypothesized to allow the species to extend its range further south. However, no detailed assessment of stress tolerance in any other life stage has yet been conducted. Here, we report that, although larvae, pupae and adults all have supercooling points (SCPs) of around −5 °C, only the larvae are freeze-tolerant, and that cold-hardiness increases with larval maturity. Eggs are freeze-avoiding and have an SCP of around −17 °C. At −3.34 °C, the CTmin activity thresholds of adults are close to their SCP of −5 °C, and they are likely chill-susceptible. Larvae could not withstand the anoxic conditions of ice entrapment or submergence in water beyond 28 d. The data obtained here indicate that the cold-tolerance characteristics of this invasive midge would permit it to colonize areas further south, including much of the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Parasites and low temperatures

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (S1) ◽  
pp. S7-S17 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wharton
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Epidemiological Significance

SUMMARYLow temperatures affect the rate of growth, development and metabolism of parasites and when temperatures fall below 0°C may expose the parasite to the potentially lethal risk of freezing. Some parasites have mechanisms, such as diapause, which synchronise their life cycle with favourable seasons and the availability of hosts. Parasites of endothermic hosts are protected from low temperatures by the thermoregulatory abilities of their host. Free-living and off-host stages, however, may be exposed to subzero temperatures and both freezing-tolerant and freeze-avoiding strategies of cold hardiness are found. Parasites of ectothermic hosts may be exposed to subzero temperatures within their hosts. They can rely on the cold tolerance adaptations of their host or they may develop their own mechanisms. Exposure to low temperatures may occur within the carcass of the host and this may be of epidemiological significance if the parasite can be transmitted via the consumption of the carcass.

scholarly journals PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142f-1142
Author(s):  
C.L. Haynes ◽  
O. M. Lindstrom ◽  
M. A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Woody Ornamental Plant ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Cold Hardy

The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.

scholarly journals Cold Tolerance of Blueberry Genotypes Throughout the Dormant Period from Acclimation to Deacclimation

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1970-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Rowland ◽  
Elizabeth L. Ogden ◽  
Mark K. Ehlenfeldt ◽  
Rajeev Arora
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Spring Frosts

Cold hardiness in woody perennials is determined by complex interacting factors: the timing and rate of cold acclimation; the maximum level of cold tolerance attained; the maintenance of cold tolerance during the winter; and the rate of loss of cold tolerance or deacclimation on resumption of spring growth. For highbush blueberry, the degree of winter freezing tolerance and susceptibility to spring frosts have been identified as the most important genetic limitations of current cultivars. Depending on the winter and the location, both winter freezes and spring frosts can cause damage to floral buds or flowers resulting in substantial losses in yield. To identify genotypes that are particularly slow or late to deacclimate and thus may be useful in breeding for spring frost-tolerant cultivars, we compared deacclimation kinetics under controlled laboratory and field conditions among several blueberry genotypes with diverse genetic backgrounds. Clear genotypic differences in timing and rate of deacclimation were found. In the field study, the species Vaccinium constablaei Gray was identified as particularly late to deacclimate, and ‘Little Giant’ (50:50 hybrid of V. constablaei and V. ashei Reade) was nearly as late to deacclimate as 100% V. constablaei. Recently, we extended our cold tolerance measurements from October through midwinter comparing acclimation kinetics and maximum cold tolerance levels among genotypes. Although all genotypes appeared to reach maximum cold tolerance about mid-December under the study conditions, genotypic differences were detected in other aspects, including initial cold tolerance, rate of acclimation, maximum cold tolerance, and length of the plateau. ‘Little Giant’ and ‘Northsky’ (75:25 hybrid of V. corymbosum L. and V. angustifolium Ait.) were very early to acclimate and were hardier than the other genotypes both initially and when maximum cold tolerance was reached. Understanding how cold tolerance levels change throughout the dormant period should help us to develop cultivars better suited to their environments.

Factors Influencing Cold Hardiness during Overwintering of Streltzoviella insularis (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1254-1261
Author(s):  
Jiahe Pei ◽  
Chengcheng Li ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
Shixiang Zong
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Biochemical Basis

Abstract Streltzoviella insularis (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a woodboring pest that severely damages urban and plain afforestation trees in northern China. Cold hardiness is an important strategy for the insect to survived during low winter temperatures. Understanding the strategy of S. insularis might provide insights for pest management approaches. To assess the key factors affecting cold hardiness, we measured the supercooling point, freezing point, total water content, total fat content, glycogen content, and total protein content of overwintering larvae. The relationships between supercooling points, temperature, body size, and nutrients were analyzed. The results showed that the supercooling point and freezing point of the larvae decreased first, reached the lowest point in January, and then increased during the rest of the overwintering period. The supercooling point positively correlated with the daily average temperature and the daily minimum temperature. Total lipid content negatively correlated with the supercooling point, while glycogen content had a significant positive correlation with the supercooling point. The temperature may have a major impact on cold hardiness, whereas individual body size may have no significant influence over cold tolerance. During the overwintering process, glycogen and total lipid contents may directly affect cold hardiness. Therefore, the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism may play a role in the cold tolerance of S. insularis larvae. This study provides a physiological and biochemical basis for future metabolic studies on S. insularis larva and the research of overwintering strategies.

Implications of an exceptional autumn bud flush on subsequent cold tolerance of Garry oak (Quercus garryana)

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 942-948
Author(s):  
E. Lerstrup-Pedersen ◽  
O.C. Pedersen ◽  
S. Deluca ◽  
B.J. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Quercus Garryana ◽  
Rapid Hardening ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Autumn Leaf ◽  
Phenological Event

In the fall of 2016, an unusual phenological event occurred in Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. in Victoria, British Columbia. After normal autumn leaf drop, some trees burst bud and leafed out prematurely in late October. This allowed a comparison of the cold hardiness of the prematurely flushed and non-flushed trees over the following year. Cold hardiness of five tree pairs (premature fall flush and non-flush) in three locations in Victoria was assessed bi-weekly over the dehardening period in January–March 2017 and again over the hardening period in September–December 2017. Cold hardiness of 10 non-flushed trees from the most northerly population of Q. garryana was also assessed twice in spring 2017. Between January and March, all trees dehardened, but cold hardiness was greatest in non-flushed trees on the first sampling date, and thereafter, the non-flushed trees dehardened more rapidly than the prematurely flushed trees. Index of injury was consistently 10% greater in Victoria than in northern trees. In fall 2017, trees that had flushed prematurely in fall 2016 had the same cold hardiness as non-flushed trees. Hardiness of all trees decreased from mid-September to the end of October, followed by rapid hardening in November and December of 2017.

Water or Ice? — the Challenge for Invertebrate Cold Survival

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Block
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Unfrozen Water ◽  
Wide Range

The ecophysiology of cold tolerance in many terrestrial invertebrate animals is based on water and its activity at low temperatures, affecting cell, tissue and whole organism functions. The normal body water content of invertebrates varies from 40 to 90% of their live weight, which is influenced by water in their immediate environment, especially in species with a water vapour permeable cuticle. Water gain from, or loss to, the surrounding atmosphere may affect animal survival, but under sub-zero conditions body water status becomes more critical for overwinter survival in many species. Water content influences the supercooling capacity of many insects and other arthropods. Trehalose is known to maintain membrane integrity during desiccation stress in several taxa. Dehydration affects potential ice nucleators by reducing or masking their activity and a desiccation protection strategy has been detected in some species. When water crystallises to ice in an animal it greatly influences the physiology of nearby cells, even if the cells remain unfrozen. A proportion of body water remains unfrozen in many cold hardened invertebrates when they are frozen, which allows basal metabolism to continue at a low level and aids recovery to normal function when thawing occurs. About 22% of total body water remains unfrozen from calculations using differential scanning calorimetry (compared with ca 19% in food materials). The ratio of unfrozen to frozen water components in insects is 1:4 (1:6 for foods). Such unfrozen water may aid recovery of freezing tolerant species after a freezing exposure. Rapid changes in cold hardiness of some arthropods may be brought about by subtle shifts in body water management. It is recognised that cold tolerance strategies of many invertebrates are related to desiccation resistance, and possibly to mechanisms inherent in insect diapause, but the role of water is fundamental to them all. Detailed experimental studies are needed to provide information which will allow a more complete and coherent understanding of the behaviour of water in biological systems and aid the cryopreservation of a wide range of biological material.

THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE ON THE CAPACITY OF AN ICE-NUCLEATING-ACTIVE BACTERIUM AND FUNGUS TO REDUCE INSECT COLD-TOLERANCE

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Fields ◽  
Stéphan Pouleur ◽  
Claude Richard
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractCold treatment is used to control the rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae), the predominant insect pest of stored grain in Canada. However, because it is difficult to cool the grain enough to control C. ferrugineus quickly, we have examined ways to reduce the cold-tolerance of adult C. ferrugineus, the most cold-hardy stage. We compared the efficacy of two ice nucleators, Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium avenaceum, to decrease cold-tolerance of this insect, as well as their thermal stability. Ice nuclei from the bacteria P. syringae raised C. ferrugineus supercooling point from −17 to −6 °C, and increased mortality at −9°C for 24 h from 11 to 100%. Pseudomonas syringae held at 30°C for 16 weeks showed only a slight decline in its ability to reduce C. ferrugineus cold-tolerance. The fungus F. avenaceum raised the supercooling point of C. ferrugineus from −17 to −9°C, but only increased the mortality at −9°C for 24 h from 10 to 33%. Wheat treated with F. avenaceum and held at 30°C for 4 weeks reduced the cold-hardiness of C. ferrugineus, but had no effect after 8 weeks at 30°C. One reason for the difference between the two nucleators is that P. syringae had approximately 1000 times more ice nuclei per gram than did F. avenaceum. These results suggest that P. syringae is stable enough to reduce C. ferrugineus cold-tolerance after several weeks on warm grain. We discuss possible ways to increase the ice-nucleating activity of F. avenaceum.

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