scholarly journals Divergence of Desiccation-Related Traits in Sitobion avenae from Northwestern China

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Yujing Yang ◽  
Deguang Liu ◽  
Xiaoming Liu ◽  
Biyao Wang ◽  
Xiaoqin Shi
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Desiccation Stress ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Desiccation Resistance ◽  
Branched Alkanes ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Loss Rates

The impact of drought on insects has become increasingly evident in the context of global climate change, but the physiological mechanisms of aphids’ responses to desiccating environments are still not well understood. We sampled the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from arid areas of northwestern China. Both desiccation-resistant and -nonresistant genotypes were identified, providing direct evidence of genetic divergence in desiccation resistance of S. avenae. Resistant genotypes of wingless S. avenae showed longer survival time and LT50 under the desiccation stress (i.e., 10% relative humidity) than nonresistant genotypes, and wingless individuals tended to have higher desiccation resistance than winged ones. Both absolute and relative water contents did not differ between the two kinds of genotypes. Resistant genotypes had lower water loss rates than nonresistant genotypes for both winged and wingless individuals, suggesting that modulation of water loss rates could be the primary strategy in resistance of this aphid against desiccation stress. Contents of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) (especially methyl-branched alkanes) showed significant increase for both resistant and nonresistant genotypes after exposure to the desiccation stress for 24 h. Under desiccation stress, survival time was positively correlated with contents of methyl-branched alkanes for resistant genotypes. Thus, the content of methyl-branched alkanes and their high plasticity could be closely linked to water loss rate and desiccation resistance in S. avenae. Our results provide insights into fundamental aspects and underlying mechanisms of desiccation resistance in aphids, and have significant implications for the evolution of aphid populations in the context of global warming.

scholarly journals Cuticle Hydrocarbons Show Plastic Variation under Desiccation in Saline Aquatic Beetles

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
María Botella-Cruz ◽  
Josefa Velasco ◽  
Andrés Millán ◽  
Stefan Hetz ◽  
Susana Pallarés
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Desiccation Stress ◽  
Desiccation Resistance ◽  
Water Beetles ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Branched Alkanes ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Acclimation Response

In the context of aridification in Mediterranean regions, desiccation resistance and physiological plasticity will be key traits for the persistence of aquatic insects exposed to increasing desiccation stress. Control of cuticular transpiration through changes in the quantity and composition of epicuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) is one of the main mechanisms of desiccation resistance in insects, but it remains largely unexplored in aquatic ones. We studied acclimation responses to desiccation in adults of two endemic water beetles from distant lineages living in Mediterranean intermittent saline streams: Enochrus jesusarribasi (Hydrophilidae) and Nebrioporus baeticus (Dytiscidae). Cuticular water loss and CHC composition were measured in specimens exposed to a prior non-lethal desiccation stress, allowed to recover and exposed to a subsequent desiccation treatment. E. jesusarribasi showed a beneficial acclimation response to desiccation: pre-desiccated individuals reduced cuticular water loss rate in a subsequent exposure by increasing the relative abundance of cuticular methyl-branched compounds, longer chain alkanes and branched alkanes. In contrast, N. baeticus lacked acclimation capacity for controlling water loss and therefore may have a lower physiological capacity to cope with increasing aridity. These results are relevant to understanding biochemical adaptations to drought stress in inland waters in an evolutionary and ecological context.

scholarly journals Physiological mechanisms of evolved desiccation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (12) ◽  
pp. 1821-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Gibbs ◽  
A K Chippindale ◽  
M R Rose
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Surface Lipid ◽  
Desiccation Resistance ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Metabolic Water ◽  
Physiological Characters ◽  
Loss Rates

We investigated physiological characters associated with water balance in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for resistance to desiccating conditions for over 100 generations. Five replicate, outbred, desiccation-selected (D) populations were compared with their control (C) populations. Water loss rates of female D flies were approximately 40% lower than those of C females. Although excretory water loss was reduced in desiccation-selected flies, it comprised less than 10% of total water loss, indicating that the D populations have evolved reduced cuticular and/or respiratory water loss rates. Total surface lipid amounts did not differ between the C and D flies. Cuticular hydrocarbons from D flies were longer than those from C flies and melted at slightly higher temperatures, possibly contributing to reduced water loss rates. Desiccation-selected flies contained approximately 30% more bulk water than controls, as well as more glycogen. However, total metabolic water stores did not differ between the stocks owing to higher lipid levels in the C populations. The ability to tolerate water loss, as measured by water content at the time of death, did not differ between D and C flies. Thus, evolution of increased desiccation resistance has occurred by multiple physiological mechanisms, but some potential adaptive differences have not evolved.

scholarly journals Correlation of Intracellular Trehalose Concentration with Desiccation Resistance of Soil Escherichia coli Populations

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (20) ◽  
pp. 7407-7413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Tao Yan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Potassium Acetate ◽  
Desiccation Stress ◽  
Desiccation Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Soil Desiccation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Organic Solute ◽  
Trehalose Synthesis

ABSTRACTNaturalized soilEscherichia colipopulations need to resist common soil desiccation stress in order to inhabit soil environments. In this study, four representative soilE. colistrains and one lab strain, MG1655, were tested for desiccation resistance via die-off experiments in sterile quartz sand under a potassium acetate-induced desiccation condition. The desiccation stress caused significantly lower die-off rates of the four soil strains (0.17 to 0.40 day−1) than that of MG1655 (0.85 day−1). Cellular responses, including extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, exogenous glycine betaine (GB) uptake, and intracellular compatible organic solute synthesis, were quantified and compared under the desiccation and hydrated control conditions. GB uptake appeared not to be a specific desiccation response, while EPS production showed considerable variability among theE. colistrains. AllE. colistrains produced more intracellular trehalose, proline, and glutamine under the desiccation condition than the hydrated control, and only the trehalose concentration exhibited a significant correlation with the desiccation-contributed die-off coefficients (Spearman's ρ = −1.0;P= 0.02).De novotrehalose synthesis was further determined for 15E. colistrains from both soil and nonsoil sources to determine its prevalence as a specific desiccation response. MostE. colistrains (14/15) synthesized significantly more trehalose under the desiccation condition, and the soilE. colistrains produced more trehalose (106.5 ± 44.9 μmol/mg of protein [mean ± standard deviation]) than the nonsoil reference strains (32.5 ± 10.5 μmol/mg of protein).

scholarly journals Soil and Water Loss Rates in Oxisols Under No-tillage System in Western Paraná, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Luana Salete Celante ◽  
Deonir Secco ◽  
Aracéli Ciotti de Marins ◽  
Daniela Trentin Nava ◽  
Flávio Gurgacz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Soil And Water Loss ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Loss Rates

The objective of work was to quantify soil and water loss rates as a function of slope variation, correlating these rates with soybean yield. In addition to developing multiple linear regression models that associate water and soil loss rates in function of their physical attributes. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisols under a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in Cascavel, PR, Brazil. Four slopes (3.5%; 8.2%; 11.4% and 13.5%) were considered as treatments. The water and soil loss rates were monitored in the rainfall occurring during the crop development cycle. The water drained in each plot was collected in gutters made of polyvinyl chloride and stored in containers for the quantification of soil and water losses. The stepwise backward method was used to identify the variables that had a significant influence on water and soil losses. The unevenness of the terrain did not influence the soil and water loss rates. The maximum soil and water losses during the soybean cycle were, respectively, 0.01962 Mg ha-1 and 4.07 m3 ha-1. The maximum soil and water losses occurred when the precipitation volume was up to 82 mm. Soil and water losses showed a higher correlation with macroporosity and bulk density. Soybean grain yield showed a higher linear correlation with water, and soil loss and was higher at the slopes of 8.2% and 13.4%. The low water and soil losses demonstrate the soil capacity, managed under a no-tillage system, to minimize environmental impacts.

WATER LOSS RATES AND TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF DRY COOKED BOVINE MUSCLE

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1038-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. GODSALVE ◽  
E. A. DAVIS ◽  
J. GORDON ◽  
H. T. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Bovine Muscle ◽  
Loss Rates

Using laboratory selection for desiccation resistance to examine the relationship between respiratory pattern and water loss in insects.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (21) ◽  
pp. 2945-2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Williams ◽  
M R Rose ◽  
T J Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Desiccation Resistance ◽  
Water Loss Rate ◽  
Laboratory Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Co2 Release

We conducted concurrent measurements of rates of CO2 and H2O release from individual fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster taken from populations subjected to three different selective regimes: (1) populations selected for resistance to desiccation (D flies); (2) populations maintained as their controls (C flies); and (3) the ancestral populations of the D and C populations (O flies). In the D flies, water loss rates were significantly reduced, the standard error of the regression (SER) of the CO2 release pattern measured over the survival period of the flies was increased, and the ratio of CO2 loss to H2O loss (VCO2/VH2O) was increased. Correlations across all 15 populations from the three selection treatments indicate that survival time was negatively correlated with water loss rate, positively correlated with the SER of CO2 release and positively correlated with the VCO2/VH2O ratio. We did not, however, find a significant correlation between the SER of CO2 release and rates of water loss or the VCO2/VH2O ratio.

scholarly journals Gas exchange patterns and water loss rates in the Table Mountain cockroach, Aptera fusca (Blattodea: Blaberidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 (20) ◽  
pp. 3844-3853 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Groenewald ◽  
C. S. Bazelet ◽  
C. P. Potter ◽  
J. S. Terblanche
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Table Mountain ◽  
Exchange Patterns ◽  
Loss Rates

scholarly journals Postharvest Water Loss and Storage Quality of Nine Pepper (Capsicum) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.K. Lownds ◽  
M. Banaras ◽  
P.W. Bosland
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Pepper Cultivar ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Loss Rates

Nine pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L.) representing five pepper types were studied to determine water-loss rates, flaccidity, color, and disease development when stored at 8,14, or 20C for 14 days. Water-loss rate was markedly higher at 14C than at 8C, and was somewhat lower at 20C than at 14C. There were significant differences in water-loss rates between pepper cultivar with `NuMex R Naky', `NuMex Conquistador', and `New Mexico 6-4' (New Mexican-type peppers) having the highest water-loss rates. Flaccidity followed a pattern similar to water loss at each storage temperature, suggesting a direct relationship. Color development was cultivar- and package-dependent, and ratings increased with temperature. Placing pepper fruit in perforated polyethylene packages reduced water-loss rates 20 times or more, so that water loss no longer limited postharvest storage. Packaging also eliminated flaccidity and reduced color development across cultivars at 14 and 20C. Packaged fruit, however, developed diseases that limited postharvest longevity.

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