scholarly journals Spatial Vision and Visually Guided Behavior in Apidae

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almut Kelber ◽  
Hema Somanathan
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Spatial Vision ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Mate Search ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bee Vision ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Relationship

The family Apidae, which is amongst the largest bee families, are important pollinators globally and have been well studied for their visual adaptations and visually guided behaviors. This review is a synthesis of what is known about their eyes and visual capabilities. There are many species-specific differences, however, the relationship between body size, eye size, resolution, and sensitivity shows common patterns. Salient differences between castes and sexes are evident in important visually guided behaviors such as nest defense and mate search. We highlight that Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris are popular bee models employed in the majority of studies that have contributed immensely to our understanding vision in bees. However, other species, specifically the tropical and many non-social Apidae, merit further investigation for a better understanding of the influence of ecological conditions on the evolution of bee vision.

Ontogeny of morphological traits in Eupelops variatus (Mihelčič, 1957), with remarks on juveniles of Phenopelopidae (Acari: Oribatida) 

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Badamdorj Bayartogtokh ◽  
Sergey G. Ermilov ◽  
Umukusum Ya. Shtanchaeva ◽  
Luis S. Subías
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Oribatid Mites ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Specific

Juvenile instars of oribatid mites of the family Phenopelopidae are well known compared to most other families, however, information on the morphological ontogeny of the majority of species is still insufficient or unknown. Comparative characteristics of immatures of species of Phenopelopidae are given based on our own data and available literature sources. The major characteristics of immature instars of 11 species are presented, and the morphological ontogeny of Eupelops variatus (Mihelčič, 1957) is investigated based on material from southern Europe. From these studies, it can be generalized that the juvenile morphologies of phenopelopid genera are quite similar and uniform. The juveniles have plicate integument, marginally flattened opisthonotum, and short gastronotic setae c1, c3 and of the d-series. The juveniles of the phenopelopid species differ from one another in morphological characters such as body size, development of the prodorsal ridges, lamellar, interlamellar as well as gastronotic setae of c2, lp and h-series either in larva or nymphs, and all these characters have species-specific value. 

scholarly journals First report of three species of the genus Diaphanosoma (Crustacea: Cladocera: Sididae) from Jammu waters (J&K), India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19324-19337
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Sarbjeet Kour
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Water Flea ◽  
Food Component ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
The Family ◽  
Valve Margin

Cladocera, commonly known as ‘water flea’ due to the jerky movements produced by their second antennae, form an important food component for planktivorous fishes and other aquatic invertebrates. The present investigation comprising a collection of zooplankton samples from a shallow pond located in the Bishnah tehsil of Jammu district has revealed the presence of 13 Cladocera species belonging to the families Daphniidae, Chydoridae, Moinidae, Sididae, and Macrothricidae. Three species of the family Sididae belonging to the genus Diaphanosoma, namely, senegal, sarsi and excisum are new species records to the cladoceran fauna of Jammu & Kashmir. Presently, a detailed morphological analysis has been made on all the three Diaphanosoma species. They have shown major differences in their body size with D. senegal being larger than D. sarsi and D. excisum. All three species have well observable variability with reference to their head size, eye size, shell duplicature, shape of posterior valve margin, and the number of denticles so present on posterior valve margin. All the three species have also shown coexistence with each other, but D. senegal was dominant in terms of population density.

scholarly journals Fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenies: an example using vertebrate body sizes

1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Ø. Mooers ◽  
Dolph Schluter
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Free Model ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Body Size Evolution ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit

How do traits change through time and with speciation? We present a simple and generally applicable method for comparing various models of the macroevolution of traits within a maximum likelihood framework. We illustrate four such models: 1) variance among species accumulates in direct proportion to time separating them (gradual model); 2) variation accumulates with the number of speciation events separating them (speciational model); 3) differences between species are unrelated to phylogenetic relatedness (pitchfork model); and 4) a free model where the trait evolves at its own idiosyncratic rate among lineages. Using species-specific body size, we compare the four models across two data sets: twenty-one clades of vertebrate species, and two clades of bird families. For the twenty-one vertebrate trees, the pitchfork model is most successful, though not significantly, and the most successful by far for the youngest clades. The speciational model seems to be preferred for older clades. For both clades of bird families, the speciational model offers the best fit to family-level body size evolution. However, the pitchfork model does much worse for one clade than for the other, suggesting a difference in the relationship between diversification and body-size evolution in the two groups. These examples highlight some possibilities afforded by this simple approach.

scholarly journals Komposisi Larva Ikan pada Ekosistem Lamun di Perairan Jepara Jawa Tengah

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Muhamad Ravian Wiraputra ◽  
Suryono Suryono ◽  
Hadi Endrawati
Keyword(s):  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
The Family ◽  
Early Growth Phase ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

Larva merupakan fase pertumbuhan awal pada ikan, pada fase tersebut ikan-ikan membutuhkan tempat untuk berlindung dan mencari makanan. Ekosistem lamun sangat mendukung keberlangsungan hidup ikan, fungsi ekologis lamun sebagai daerah memijah, daerah asuhan serta tempat mencari makan bagi ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kehadiran, serta mengetahui hubungan antara kelimpahan larva ikan dan lamun di Perairan Prawean dan Blebak, Kabupaten Jepara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan penentuan lokasi sampling menggunakan purposive sampling methode. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada dua lokasi yang berbeda dengan masing-masing lokasi memiliki 2 stasiun, pada setiap stasiun memiliki 3 stasiun. Pengambilan sampel larva ikan dilakukan dengan menggunakan larva net (P = 0,9 m; L : 0,6 m) dengan ukuran mata jaring 800 µm. Sampel yang didapat kemudian disortir dan diidentifikasi menggunakan literatur. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan Nemipteridae, Lutjanidae, Ambassidae, Sphyraenidae, Bothidae, Clupeidae, Chanidae, Monacanthidae. Famili larva ikan yang dominan adalah Nemipteridae. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman dari empat stasiun termasuk dalam kategori rendah-sedang (0,92 - 1,50). Nilai indeks keanekaragaman dari empat stasiun termasuk dalam kategori sedang-tinggi (0,61 - 1,00). Kisaran nilai indeks dominasi larva ikan dari empat stasiun menunjukan tidak adanya famili yang mendominasi (0,23 - 0,54). Larvae are an early growth phase in fish, in that phase fish need a place to take shelter and find food. Seagrass ecosystem strongly supports the survival of fish, the ecological functions of seagrass as a clusters area, an area of care and a place to eat for fish. The purpose of this research is to know the presence, and know the relationship between the abundance of fish larvae and seagrass in Prawean waters and Blebak, Jepara regency. The method used in this research is the descriptive method and determination of location sampling using purposive sampling Methode. The research was conducted on two different locations with each location having 2 stations, at each station having 3 substations. Sampling of fish larvae is done using the net larva (P = 0.9 m; L: 0, 6m) with mesh eye size 800 μm. The obtained samples were then sorted and identified using literature. The results of this study were found in the larvae of 8 families Nemipteridae, Lutjanidae, Ambassidae, Sphyraenidae, Bothidae, Clupeidae, Chanidae, Monacanthidae. The family of fish larvae most commonly found are Nemipteridae. The value of the diversity index of the four stations is included in the low-medium category (0.92 - 1.50). The value of the diversity index of four stations is included in the medium-high category (0.61 - 1.00). The value of the index of the dominance of the fish from the four stations indicates that there is no dominant family (0.23 - 0.54). 

Intergenerational Family Relations in Luxembourg

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Albert ◽  
Dieter Ferring ◽  
Tom Michels
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Generation Gap ◽  
Intergenerational Solidarity ◽  
Acculturation Gap ◽  
Family Obligations ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Model Family

According to the intergenerational solidarity model, family members who share similar values about family obligations should have a closer relationship and support each other more than families with a lower value consensus. The present study first describes similarities and differences between two family generations (mothers and daughters) with respect to their adherence to family values and, second, examines patterns of relations between intergenerational consensus on family values, affectual solidarity, and functional solidarity in a sample of 51 mother-daughter dyads comprising N = 102 participants from Luxembourgish and Portuguese immigrant families living in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Results showed a small generation gap in values of hierarchical gender roles, but an acculturation gap was found in Portuguese mother-daughter dyads regarding obligations toward the family. A higher mother-daughter value consensus was related to higher affectual solidarity of daughters toward their mothers but not vice versa. Whereas affection and value consensus both predicted support provided by daughters to their mothers, affection mediated the relationship between consensual solidarity and received maternal support. With regard to mothers, only affection predicted provided support for daughters, whereas mothers’ perception of received support from their daughters was predicted by value consensus and, in the case of Luxembourgish mothers, by affection toward daughters.

Family Firms, Social Responsibility, and Non-Family Member Employees Identification

Think India ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Ang Bao
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
The Family ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Csr Engagement

The objective of this paper is to find the relationship between family firms’ CSR engagement and their non-family member employees’ organisational identification. Drawing upon the existing literature on social identity theory, corporate social responsibility and family firms, the author proposes that family firms engage actively in CSR programs in a balanced manner to increase non-family member employees’ organisational identification. The findings of the research suggest that by developing and implementing balanced CSR programs, and actively getting engaged in CSR activities, family firms may help their non-family member employees better identify themselves with the firms. The article points out that due to unbalanced CSR resource allocation, family firms face the problem of inefficient CSR program implementation, and are suggested to switch alternatively to an improved scheme. Family firms may be advised to take corresponding steps to select right employees, communicate better with non-family member employees, use resources better and handle firms’ succession problems efficiently. The paper extends employees’ identification and CSR research into the family firm research domain and points out some drawbacks in family firms’ CSR resource allocation while formerly were seldom noticed.

Organization of Individual Counselling of Children Brought up in Foster Families (on the example of the «Family» Centre»)

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Aygul Fazlyeva ◽  
Aliya Akhmetshina
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Individual Counseling ◽  
Emotional Instability ◽  
Foster Families ◽  
Individual Counselling ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

Children, brought up in foster families, experience various problems (diffi culties in interpersonal relationships with parents, diffi culties in communicating with peers, emotional instability), which lead to confl icts, quarrels, running away from home, destructive phenomena, etc. One of the eff ective forms of working with children brought up in foster families is individual counselling. Individual counselling is used by various specialists (psychologists, educators, psychotherapists), where a special place is taken by a social educator. His or her activity involves the implementation of social-protective, preventive, educational, informational, advisory functions. In the process of organizing individual counseling, the social educator takes into account the social situation of the family and the child, personal characteristics, social conditions, social and cultural characteristics and the nature of the relationship with the social environment. To organize individual counseling, a social educator needs to master various and eff ective techniques, and take into account a number of recommendations. An analysis of the literature and practical socio-pedagogical experience led to an understanding of the insuffi cient degree of elaboration of this issue. The purpose of this article was the solution to this problem.

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