scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Environmental Impacts from Open-Cut Pipeline Replacement and Trenchless Cured-in-Place Pipe Renewal Method for Sanitary Sewers

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayak Kaushal ◽  
Mohammad Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Liner Material ◽  
Thermoset Resin ◽  
Sanitary Sewers

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) involves the evaluation of information about pipe raw materials, processes, and product manufacturing to obtain the associated emissions and ecological impacts. Open-cut (OC) pipeline replacement involves digging a trench along the length of the proposed pipeline, placing the pipe in the trench on suitable bedding materials, and then embedding and backfilling. The trenchless cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) method involves a liquid thermoset resin saturated material that is inserted into the existing pipeline by hydrostatic or air inversion or by mechanically pulling-in and inflating. The liner material is cured-in-place using hot water or steam or light cured using ultraviolet light, resulting in the CIPP product. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to present a literature review on the progress acquired over the years in understanding the environmental impacts from the OC and CIPP methods, (2) to analyze and compare the environmental impacts for small diameter sanitary sewers (SDSS) using USEPA’s tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts (TRACI) methodology from the SimaPro software, and (3) to identify the factors that influence the environment for the OC and CIPP methods. Published papers were identified that reported the environmental impacts from the OC and CIPP methods over a period from 1989 through to 2020. An actual case study based on the City of Pasadena, California, river basin was used to carry out an environmental analysis for small diameter OC and CIPP methods. The literature review suggests that the material production phase consumes a large amount of energy and is a major contributor of environmental impacts. Higher environmental impacts from the OC method are a result of longer project durations and more equipment requirements compared to the CIPP. The assessment results show that, on average, CIPP renewal caused 68% less environmental impact, 75% less impact on human health, and 62% less resource depletion as compared to the OC replacement for SDSS. The liner, felt, and resin influenced the environment the most for CIPP as compared to the OC method, where the power consumption of construction equipment and the pipe material had the greatest environmental impacts. It can be concluded that the comparison of the environmental impacts from pipeline renewal and replacement is an important element when considering a sustainable underground infrastructure development. The pipe material and outside diameter should be considered during the installation phase by OC and CIPP methods to allow a detailed evaluation and comparison of their sustainability impacts. This study can be further developed for analyzing the environmental impacts and associated costs of the OC and CIPP methods for sanitary sewers with different project and site conditions.

SANITARY SEWER CONSTRUCTION COST COMPARISON BETWEEN TRENCHLESS CIPP RENEWAL AND OPEN-CUT REPLACEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayak Kaushal ◽  
Mohammad Najafi ◽  
Ramtin Serajiantehrani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Liner Material ◽  
Sanitary Sewer ◽  
Thermoset Resin ◽  
Renewal Method

Renewal and replacement of aging underground infrastructure, which mainly includes pipelines is one of the vital issues for the North American municipalities every day. Conventional replacement of these aging pipelines utilizes open-cut trenching methods that could be expensive both in rural and urban areas. In trenchless cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) pipeline renewal method, a liquid thermoset resin-saturated material is put inside the deteriorated pipe by hydrostatic, air inversion, or pulling inside mechanically and inflating. Then, the curing of the liner material used could be done in-place using three different ways such as, hot water, steam-or UV-cured to result in a final cured product. Trenchless methods are considered much more cost-effective. However, to make a comprehensive comparison, engineers and project owners will benefit from additional data. The objective of this study is to review past studies dealing with CIPP renewal method and open-cut pipeline replacement, and to compare their construction costs for renewing the small, medium, and large diameter sanitary sewer pipelines with the help of statistical analysis. It was found that mean construction costs of CIPP renewal is 57%, 63%, and 18% less as compared to the open-cut pipeline replacement for small, medium, and large diameter sanitary sewer pipes, respectively. It can be concluded that using CIPP method, municipalities can save millions of dollars in the renewal of underground utility systems. A life cycle cost analysis to evaluate and compare the construction, environmental, and social costs between CIPP renewal method and open-cut pipeline replacement is recommended.

scholarly journals Does Use Matter? Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Based on Fiber Type

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Laitala ◽  
Ingun Klepp ◽  
Beverley Henry
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Sustainability Index ◽  
Durable Products ◽  
Use Phase ◽  
Empirical Material

Several tools have been developed to compare the environmental impact of textiles. The most widely used are Higg Materials Sustainability Index (MSI) and MADE-BY Fiber Benchmark. They use data from production to evaluate the environmental impacts of textiles differentiated by fiber type. The use phase is excluded from both tools. This article discusses whether there is evidence that the use of textiles differs systematically between different fiber types and examines the consequences of comparing the environmental impacts of clothing based on differences in production of fibers alone without including differences in their use. The empirical material in this paper is based on analysis of rating tools and a literature review on clothing use. It shows that fiber content contributes to the way consumers take care of and use their clothing. When use is omitted, major environmental problems associated with this stage, such as spread of microplastics, are also excluded. This one-sided focus on material production impacts also excludes the importance of product lifespans, quality, and functionality. The consequence is that short-lived disposable products are equated with durable products. Comparing dissimilar garments will not help consumers to make choices that will reduce the environmental burden of clothing. We need an informed discussion on how to use all materials in the most environmentally sustainable way possible.

Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuel Fired Co-Generation Plants Using a Numerically Standardized LCA Scheme

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anugerah Widiyanto ◽  
Seizo Kato ◽  
Naoki Maruyama ◽  
Yoshimasa Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Waste Processing

This paper describes the LCA environmental impacts resulting from fuel fired co-generation systems using our NETS (Numerical Eco-load Total Standard, [1]) scheme having GUI (Graphic User Interface). Following a brief introduction of the NETS evaluation method, firstly the total eco-load from commercial electricity power plants in Japan is numerically calculated in the NETS unit. We take here almost all factors into account including fuel mining, transportation and processing, plant manufacturing, assembling and its building construction, fuel consumption and maintenance during twenty durable years, plant dismantling and waste processing, thermal efficiency and delivery loss, etc. This evaluation greatly helps in the eco-load estimation of co-generation plants when electricity purchase is needed during the plant operation with a minimum eco-load. Next, co-generation systems are paid attention to their ecological effectiveness. Here, we select different fuel fired co-generation plants of natural gas, heavy oil, and coal. Environmental impacts resulting from the respective plants include fossil fuel depletion and natural resources depletion, global warming due to green house gases, ozone layer depletion due to CFC type gas emission, various water and air pollution, rain acidification due to NOx and SOx, waste processing, recycling etc. Each item can be successfully calculated from the inventory database accumulated by authors. Hourly energy demands of electricity and heat (steam, hot water and cold water) are set to a typical model for eight office buildings and two hotels. The NETS method is applied to the co-generation model, resulting in the best cost-operating scheme of co-generation plants with a minimum environmental impact.

scholarly journals RESÍDUOS DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL: O NOVO OLHAR PARA A RECICLAGEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (205) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gustavo Perpetuo Serinolli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
New Products ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Materials Used

The waste of materials used in building construction are the main responsible for generating CCW on construction sites. Recycling CCW is an option to minimize the environmental impact caused by it, so that these residues can return as new products for civil construction. The final destination of CCW must be done in dumps, controlled landfills or sanitary, the latter being the most favorable option to the environment, when the disposal is irregular the damage to the environment is significant, due to the variety of materials discarded. The recycling of CCW provides the reuse of waste, which previously would be discarded, in products that have the advantage of reducing spending on the purchase of inputs, and contribute to sustainable. With this, this article aims to discuss sustainability through the recycling of CCW and its final destination. A literature review was carried out through the bibliographic research of articles, scientific works and books according to the theme in the last 20 years. It is concluded that it is essential to have a CCW Management Plan in future works in order to control the generation, recycling and disposal of waste, thus minimizing environmental impacts.

The Control of Iron Bacterial Plugging of a Well by Tyndallization Using Hot Water Recycling

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Cullimore ◽  
N. Mansuy
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Flow Loss ◽  
The Town

Abstract A small diameter water well drilled in 1977 in the Town of Bulyea, Saskatchewan generated such a rapid plugging (biofouling) that by 1979 the flow rate was reduced by 59%. Heavy growths of non-specific iron bacteria were found in the water and biofouling projected to be the principal cause of the flow loss. Tyndallization (repeated pasteurizations) treatment was applied using a hot water recycling system installed above the well head. Using a displacement passive gravity direct injection of hot water at 82°C from a water heater into the well, a sequential elevation of water column temperatures occurred until bio-film dispersion occurred (pasteurization) at 45°C+. A recovery to original flow specifications was repeatedly obtained at time intervals ranging from 6 to 403 days. Between treatments, a recurrence of biofouling was noted with flow reductions of 0.06 – 0.07 1/min/day frequently being noted. The rate of plugging appeared to be affected by the previous sequence of pasteurization treatments. Tyndallization was found to satisfactorily control iron bacterial biofouling and maintain flow rates.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of an Innovative Compact Hybrid Electrical-Thermal Storage System for Residential Buildings in Mediterranean Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5322
Author(s):  
Gabriel Zsembinszki ◽  
Noelia Llantoy ◽  
Valeria Palomba ◽  
Andrea Frazzica ◽  
Mattia Dallapiccola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Electrical Consumption ◽  
The Impact

The buildings sector is one of the least sustainable activities in the world, accounting for around 40% of the total global energy demand. With the aim to reduce the environmental impact of this sector, the use of renewable energy sources coupled with energy storage systems in buildings has been investigated in recent years. Innovative solutions for cooling, heating, and domestic hot water in buildings can contribute to the buildings’ decarbonization by achieving a reduction of building electrical consumption needed to keep comfortable conditions. However, the environmental impact of a new system is not only related to its electrical consumption from the grid, but also to the environmental load produced in the manufacturing and disposal stages of system components. This study investigates the environmental impact of an innovative system proposed for residential buildings in Mediterranean climate through a life cycle assessment. The results show that, due to the complexity of the system, the manufacturing and disposal stages have a high environmental impact, which is not compensated by the reduction of the impact during the operational stage. A parametric study was also performed to investigate the effect of the design of the storage system on the overall system impact.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4146
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jachura ◽  
Robert Sekret
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Material ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Change Material

This paper presents an environmental impact assessment of the entire cycle of existence of the tube-vacuum solar collector prototype. The innovativeness of the solution involved using a phase change material as a heat-storing material, which was placed inside the collector’s tubes-vacuum. The PCM used in this study was paraffin. The system boundaries contained three phases: production, operation (use phase), and disposal. An ecological life cycle assessment was carried out using the SimaPro software. To compare the environmental impact of heat storage, the amount of heat generated for 15 years, starting from the beginning of a solar installation for preparing domestic hot water for a single-family residential building, was considered the functional unit. Assuming comparable production methods for individual elements of the ETC and waste management scenarios, the reduction in harmful effects on the environment by introducing a PCM that stores heat inside the ETC ranges from 17 to 24%. The performed analyses have also shown that the method itself of manufacturing the materials used for the construction of the solar collector and the choice of the scenario of the disposal of waste during decommissioning the solar collector all play an important role in its environmental assessment. With an increase in the application of the advanced technologies of materials manufacturing and an increase in the amount of waste subjected to recycling, the degree of the solar collector’s environmental impact decreased by 82% compared to its standard manufacture and disposal.

scholarly journals Assessing the Environmental Impact and Cost of the Tourism-Induced CO2, NOx, SOx Emission in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Yalan Shi ◽  
Miaojing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Correlation Effect ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Direct Emission

Tourism, as one economic activity, results in a full range of environmental impacts globally as well as in China. However, the evaluation of environmental impacts is insufficient because of the strong correlation effect between tourism and other industries. This study attempted to assess the environmental impact and cost of the tourism-induced pollutant emissions (in a broad sense) at the national scale through constructing the environmental-economic input-output model. Our results suggested that the China’s total emission of CO2, NOx, SOx related to tourism industry increased from 42 × 106 t, 162 kt, 345 kt in 1995 to 157 × 106 t, 527 kt, 854 kt in 2009. The indirect CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions of tourism and related industries were nearly 6.8–11 times of their direct emission in travel agency. Most of these indirect emissions (73% of CO2 in 2009, 54% of NOx in 1995, 62% of SOx in 2009) are derived from the energy plants and industrial sectors. The sustainable tourism should largely depend on the realization of sustainable mobility and transportation, through the low-emission behavior and energy-saving technology. The emission reduction cost of tourism industry in China was 30,170 and 172,812 million CNY in 1995 and 2009, accounting for nearly 14% of the total tourism revenue.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Characteristics of Environmental Impacts According to the Cut-Off Criteria Applicable to the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of Apartment Buildings in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2898
Author(s):  
Rakhyun Kim ◽  
Myung-Kwan Lim ◽  
Seungjun Roh ◽  
Won-Jun Park
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Environmental Impact Analysis ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Environmental Impact Categories ◽  
Weight Percentile

This study analyzed the characteristics of the environmental impacts of apartment buildings, a typical housing type in South Korea, as part of a research project supporting the streamlined life cycle assessment (S-LCA) of buildings within the G-SEED (Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) framework. Three recently built apartment building complexes were chosen as study objects for the quantitative evaluation of the buildings in terms of their embodied environmental impacts (global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical oxidant creation potential, and abiotic depletion potential), using the LCA approach. Additionally, we analyzed the emission trends according to the cut-off criteria of the six environmental impact categories by performing an S-LCA with cut-off criteria 90–99% of the cumulative weight percentile. Consequently, we were able to present the cut-off criterion best suited for S-LCA and analyze the effect of the cut-off criteria on the environmental impact analysis results. A comprehensive environmental impact analysis of the characteristics of the six environmental impact categories revealed that the error rate was below 5% when the cut-off criterion of 97.5% of the cumulative weight percentile was applied, thus verifying its validity as the optimal cut-off criterion for S-LCA.

scholarly journals Environmental Impacts ofJatropha curcasBiodiesel in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Gmünder ◽  
Reena Singh ◽  
Stephan Pfister ◽  
Alok Adheloya ◽  
Rainer Zah
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Assessment Procedure

In the context of energy security, rural development and climate change, India actively promotes the cultivation ofJatropha curcas, a biodiesel feedstock which has been identified as suitable for achieving the Indian target of 20% biofuel blending by 2017. In this paper, we present results concerning the range of environmental impacts of differentJatropha curcascultivation systems. Moreover, nine agronomic trials in Andhra Pradesh are analysed, in which the yield was measured as a function of different inputs such as water, fertilizer, pesticides, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Further, the environmental impact of the wholeJatropha curcasbiodiesel value chain is benchmarked with fossil diesel, following the ISO 14040/44 life cycle assessment procedure. Overall, this study shows that the use ofJatropha curcasbiodiesel generally reduces the global warming potential and the nonrenewable energy demand as compared to fossil diesel. On the other hand, the environmental impacts on acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and water depletion all showed increases. Key for reducing the environmental impact ofJatropha curcasbiodiesel is the resource efficiency during crop cultivation (especially mineral fertilizer application) and the optimal site selection of theJatropha curcasplantations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document