scholarly journals Current Proteomic and Metabolomic Knowledge of Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11807
Author(s):  
Janet Juarez-Escobar ◽  
Esaú Bojórquez-Velázquez ◽  
Jose M. Elizalde-Contreras ◽  
José A. Guerrero-Analco ◽  
Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Current State ◽  
Scale Regeneration ◽  
State Of Research

Embryogenesis is the primary developmental program in plants. The mechanisms that underlie the regulation of embryogenesis are an essential research subject given its potential contribution to mass in vitro propagation of profitable plant species. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) refers to the use of in vitro techniques to mimic the sexual reproduction program known as zygotic embryogenesis (ZE). In this review, we synthesize the current state of research on proteomic and metabolomic studies of SE and ZE in angiosperms (monocots and dicots) and gymnosperms. The most striking finding was the small number of studies addressing ZE. Meanwhile, the research effort focused on SE has been substantial but disjointed. Together, these research gaps may explain why the embryogenic induction stage and the maturation of the somatic embryo continue to be bottlenecks for efficient and large-scale regeneration of plants. Comprehensive and integrative studies of both SE and ZE are needed to provide the molecular foundation of plant embryogenesis, information which is needed to rationally guide experimental strategies to solve SE drawbacks in each species.

scholarly journals Somatic embryogenesis in Larix: the state of art and perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-588
Author(s):  
V. N. Shmakov ◽  
Yu. M. Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Larch Species ◽  
The Media ◽  
State Of Research

Clonal propagation of conifers using somatic embryogenesis is essential for the selection of tree species, and for the implementation of afforestation and reforestation. In combination with cryopreservation, somatic embryogenesis creates the basis for the development of economically valuable lines of clones and elite genotypes. The industrial use of such genetically verified clone lines in forestry can significantly increase forest productivity compared to any conventional methods for improving tree crops that are available. Larch is considered as one of the main conifer candidates for large-scale reforestation, not only due to the vastness of its habitat, but also due to the unique quality of its wood, rapid growth and high ecological plasticity. However, the vast majority of larch species are characterized by uneven yields and extremely low seed quality. In this regard, obtaining planting material for reforestation from larch seeds on seed plantations is not advisable, but can be successfully implemented in afforestation programs using somatic embryogenesis technologies. Research on the somatic embryogenesis of larch has been conducted for over 30 years, which allowed considerable experience in this field to be accumulated. To date, the conditions for the initiation and maintenance of embryogenic cultures, as well as for the formation and development of somatic embryos have been determined. Significant progress has been made in the study of both the factors affecting these processes and the molecular mechanisms that underlie the various stages of embryogenesis. Nevertheless, despite the successes achieved, knowledge available today on the somatic embryogenesis of representatives of the genus Larix is still not enough to develop technologies for producing valuable plant-breeding material in vitro. This review analyzes the current state of research on the problem of somatic embryogenesis of representatives of the genus Larix. Particular attention is paid to the choice of explants for somatic embryogenesis, the composition of the media for cultivation, the dependence of the potential of somatic embryogenesis on the duration of cultivation, and the genetic control of somatic embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Agile Transformation at Scale: A Tertiary Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Suddhasvatta Das ◽  
Kevin Gary
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agile Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Agile Software ◽  
Tertiary Study

AbstractDue to the fast-paced nature of the software industry and the success of small agile projects, researchers and practitioners are interested in scaling agile processes to larger projects. Agile software development (ASD) has been growing in popularity for over two decades. With the success of small-scale agile transformation, organizations started to focus on scaling agile. There is a scarcity of literature in this field making it harder to find plausible evidence to identify the science behind large scale agile transformation. The objective of this paper is to present a better understanding of the current state of research in the field of scaled agile transformation and explore research gaps. This tertiary study identifies seven relevant peer reviewed studies and reports research findings and future research avenues.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF CEREAL EMBRYONIC ORGANOGENESIS IN VITRO CONDITIONS

ÈKOBIOTEH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
N.N. Kruglova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Biological Phenomenon ◽  
Organogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Cereal Embryos ◽  
Plant Embryogenesis

The article provides the brief review of the literature and own works devoted to the peculiarities of the cereal embryonic organogenesis at the early stages of ontogenesis in the conditions of in vitro culture (the so-called somatic embryogenesis, or embryoidogenesis in vitro). Particular attention is paid to the issues of hormonal regulation of the development of somatic cereal embryos from initial cells to mature structures in vitro. A comparison of somatic embryogenesis in vitro with similar events in zygotic embryogenesis in vivo confirms the validity of the principle of universality of morphogenesis processes in vivo and in vitro (Batygina, 2014). The prospects of using somatic embryogenesis in vitro as a model for studying the most complex biological phenomenon – zygotic plant embryogenesis in vivo – are discussed.

scholarly journals In vitro ROOTING OF TENERA HYBRID OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PLANTS1

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlúcia Souza Pádua ◽  
Raíssa Silveira Santos ◽  
Luciano Vilela Paiva ◽  
Vanessa Cristina Stein ◽  
Luciano Coutinho Silva
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid

ABSTRACT Oil palm is a woody monocot of economic importance due to high oil production from its fruits. Currently, the conventional method most used to propagate oil palm is seed germination, but success is limited by long time requirements and low germination percentage. An alternative for large-scale propagation of oil palm is the biotechnological technique of somatic embryogenesis. The rooting of plants germinated from somatic embryos is a difficult step, yet it is of great importance for later acclimatization and success in propagation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the auxins indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of somatic embryos of Tenera hybrid oil palm. Plants obtained by somatic embryogenesis were inoculated in modified MS medium with 10% sucrose and 0.6% agar and supplemented with IAA or IBA at concentrations of 5 µM, 10 µM, and 15 µM, and the absence of growth regulators. After 120 days, the presence of roots, root type, length of the longest root, number of roots, number of leaves, and shoot length were analyzed. Growth regulators were favorable to rooting; plants cultivated with IBA growth regulator at 15 µM showed higher rooting percentage (87%) and better results for the parameters of number of roots (1.33) and shoot length (9.83).

The effect of endometrioma on ovarian reserve

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Agnieszka Szczepańska ◽  
Paweł P. Jagodziński ◽  
Ewa Wender‑Ożegowska
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Antral Follicle Count ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
In Vitro Fertilisation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ovarian Endometrioma ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Ovarian Endometriomas

An ovarian endometrioma is a very common form of endometriosis in women of reproductive age. This review presents the current state of research on ovarian reserve in women with ovarian endometriomas. Endometrioma can negatively affect ovarian markers: the anti‑Müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) results. Decisions on the surgical treatment of endometrial cysts should be carefully thought through, especially in women who have not given birth.

scholarly journals High Efficiency Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis inHovenia dulcisThunb. through Solid and Liquid Cultures

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingli Yang ◽  
Songquan Wu ◽  
Chenghao Li
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Embryogenesis ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Liquid Cultures ◽  
Medicinal Tree ◽  
Plant Conversion

Embryogenic callus was obtained from mature seed explants on medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Primary somatic embryos (SEs) can only develop into abnormal plants. Well-developed SEs could be obtained through secondary somatic embryogenesis both in solid and liquid cultures. Temperature strongly affected induction frequency of secondary embryogenesis. Relatively high temperature (30∘C) and germinated SEs explants were effective for induction of secondary somatic embryos, and low temperature (20∘C) was more suitable for further embryo development, plantlet conversion, and transplant survival. Somatic embryos formed on agar medium had larger cotyledons than those of embryos formed in liquid medium. Supplementing 0.1 mg L−16-benzyladenine (BA) was effective for plant conversion; the rate of plant conversion was 43.3% in somatic embryos from solid culture and 36.5% in embryos from liquid culture.In vitroplants were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse. The protocol established in this study will be helpful for large-scale vegetative propagation of this medicinal tree.

scholarly journals Developmental changes of catalase and superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in zygotic and somatic embryos of horse chestnut

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bagnoli ◽  
M. Capuana ◽  
M. L. Racchi
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Cat Isoforms

Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), two of the major antioxidant enzyme systems, were examined by native PAGE at different stages of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). During both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis, CAT and SOD specific activities increased, but electrophoretic analysis revealed remarkable differences in the isoenzyme patterns. Two CAT isoforms were differentially present during zygotic embryogenesis. The transition from the fast to the slow migrating form occurred in July, approximately 2 months after pollination. In contrast to zygotic, the two isoforms were continuously detectable during somatic embryo-genesis. In fact, with the exception of the callus stage, in which only one form was present, both of the CAT isoforms are equally active during the somatic embryo development. Unlike CAT, all SOD isoenzymes, one Mn-SOD and five Cu/Zn-SODs, were present during all the stages of zygotic embryo formation, but only Mn-SOD and an Fe-SOD were detected during somatic embryogenesis. These results suggest the occurrence of oxidative stress conditions during in vitro culture which, in horse chestnut, could account for the difficulties observed in the development of the somatic embryo into a plantlet.

scholarly journals Citation Mining of Humanities Journals: The Progress to Date and the Challenges Ahead

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Colavizza ◽  
Matteo Romanello
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Citation Indexes ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Corpus Selection

Even large citation indexes such as the Web of Science, Scopus or Google Scholar cover only a small fraction of the literature in the humanities. This coverage sensibly decreases going backwards in time. Citation mining of humanities publications — defined as an instance of bibliometric data mining and as a means to the end of building comprehensive citation indexes — remains an open problem. In this contribution we discuss the results of two recent projects in this area: Cited Loci and Linked Books. The former focused on the domain of classics, using journal articles in JSTOR as a corpus; the latter considered the historiography on Venice and a novel corpus of journals and monographs. Both projects attempted to mine citations of all kinds — abbreviated and not, to all types of sources, including primary sources — and considered a wide time span (19th to 21st century). We first discuss the current state of research in citation mining of humanities publications. We then present the various steps involved into this process, from corpus selection to data publication, discussing the peculiarities of the humanities. The approaches taken by the two projects are compared, allowing us to highlight disciplinary differences and commonalities, as well as shared challenges between historiography and classics on this respect. The resulting picture portrays humanities citation mining as a field with a great, yet mostly untapped potential, and a few still open challenges. The potential lies in using citations as a means to interconnect digitized collections at a large scale, by making explicit the linking function of bibliographic citations. As for the open challenges, a key issue is the existing need for an integrated metadata infrastructure and an appropriate legal framework to facilitate citation mining in the humanities.

scholarly journals Hepatocyte organoids and cell transplantation: What the future holds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weng Chuan Peng ◽  
Lianne J. Kraaier ◽  
Thomas A. Kluiver
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Metabolic Gene Expression ◽  
Potential Applications

AbstractHistorically, primary hepatocytes have been difficult to expand or maintain in vitro. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in establishing hepatocyte organoids and their potential applications in regenerative medicine. First, we provide a background on the renewal of hepatocytes in the homeostatic as well as the injured liver. Next, we describe strategies for establishing primary hepatocyte organoids derived from either adult or fetal liver based on insights from signaling pathways regulating hepatocyte renewal in vivo. The characteristics of these organoids will be described herein. Notably, hepatocyte organoids can adopt either a proliferative or a metabolic state, depending on the culture conditions. Furthermore, the metabolic gene expression profile can be modulated based on the principles that govern liver zonation. Finally, we discuss the suitability of cell replacement therapy to treat different types of liver diseases and the current state of cell transplantation of in vitro-expanded hepatocytes in mouse models. In addition, we provide insights into how the regenerative microenvironment in the injured host liver may facilitate donor hepatocyte repopulation. In summary, transplantation of in vitro-expanded hepatocytes holds great potential for large-scale clinical application to treat liver diseases.

scholarly journals Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5387
Author(s):  
Marije J. Voskamp ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Kim R. van Daalen ◽  
Sandra Crnko ◽  
Toine ten Broeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Car T Cell Therapy ◽  
Age Of Diagnosis ◽  
Pediatric Neoplasms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
State Of Research

Medulloblastoma (MB), a primary tumor of the central nervous system, is among the most prevalent pediatric neoplasms. The median age of diagnosis is six. Conventional therapies include surgical resection of the tumor with subsequent radiation and chemotherapy. However, these therapies often cause severe brain damage, and still, approximately 75% of pediatric patients relapse within a few years. Because the conventional therapies cause such severe damage, especially in the pediatric developing brain, there is an urgent need for better treatment strategies such as immunotherapy, which over the years has gained accumulating interest. Cancer immunotherapy aims to enhance the body’s own immune response to tumors and is already widely used in the clinic, e.g., in the treatment of melanoma and lung cancer. However, little is known about the possible application of immunotherapy in brain cancer. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current consensus on MB classification and the state of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research concerning immunotherapy in MB. Based on existing evidence, we will especially focus on immune checkpoint inhibition and CAR T-cell therapy. Additionally, we will discuss challenges associated with these immunotherapies and relevant strategies to overcome those.

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