scholarly journals Ozone as Modulator of Resorption and Inflammatory Response in Extruded Nucleus Pulposus Herniation. Revising Concepts

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9946
Author(s):  
María de los Ángeles Erario ◽  
Eduardo Croce ◽  
Maria Teresita Moviglia Brandolino ◽  
Gustavo Moviglia ◽  
Aníbal M. Grangeat
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Spinal Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Ozone Therapy ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Phase

Ozone therapy has been used to treat disc herniation for more than four decades. There are several papers describing results and mechanism of action. However, it is very important to define the characteristics of extruded disc herniation. Although ozone therapy showed excellent results in the majority of spinal diseases, it is not yet fully accepted within the medical community. Perhaps it is partly due to the fact that, sometimes, indications are not appropriately made. The objective of our work is to explain the mechanisms of action of ozone therapy on the extruded disc herniation. Indeed, these mechanisms are quite different from those exerted by ozone on the protruded disc herniation and on the degenerative disc disease because the inflammatory response is very different between the various cases. Extruded disc herniation occurs when the nucleus squeezes through a weakness or tear in the annulus. Host immune system considers the nucleus material to be a foreign invader, which triggers an immune response and inflammation. We think ozone therapy modulates this immune response, activating macrophages, which produce phagocytosis of extruded nucleus pulposus. Ozone would also facilitate the passage from the M1 to M2 phase of macrophages, going from an inflammatory phase to a reparative phase. Further studies are needed to verify the switch of macrophages.

scholarly journals Immune Response in Pneumocystis Infections According to the Host Immune System Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Eléna Charpentier ◽  
Sandie Ménard ◽  
Catherine Marques ◽  
Antoine Berry ◽  
Xavier Iriart
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Favourable Outcome ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
M1 Macrophage ◽  
Immune Deficiencies ◽  
The Impact

The host immune response is critical in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Immunocompetent hosts can eliminate the fungus without symptoms, while immunodeficient hosts develop PCP with an unsuitable excessive inflammatory response leading to lung damage. From studies based on rodent models or clinical studies, this review aimed to better understand the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis infection by analysing the role of immune cells, mostly lymphocytes, according to the immune status of the infected host. Hence, this review first describes the immune physiological response in infected immunocompetent hosts that are able to eliminate the fungus. The objective of the second part is to identify the immune elements required for the control of the fungus, focusing on specific immune deficiencies. Finally, the third part concentrates on the effect of the different immune elements in immunocompromised subjects during PCP, to better understand which cells are detrimental, and which, on the contrary, are beneficial once the disease has started. This work highlights that the immune response associated with a favourable outcome of the infection may differ according to the immune status of the host. In the case of immunocompetency, a close communication between B cells and TCD4 within tertiary lymphocyte structures appears critical to activate M2 macrophages without much inflammation. Conversely, in the case of immunodeficiency, a pro-inflammatory response including Th1 CD4, cytotoxic CD8, NK cells, and IFNγ release seems beneficial for M1 macrophage activation, despite the impact of inflammation on lung tissue.

scholarly journals Intraoperative chymopapain in lumbar laminotomy for disc disease: a less invasive technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. E12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tord D. Alden ◽  
George J. Kaptain ◽  
John A. Jane ◽  
John A. Jane
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Lumbar Disc Herniation ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Lumbar Microdiscectomy

The use of chymopapain in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation has been widely studied since Smith first described its use in humans in 1963. The authors describe the use of chymopapain intraoperatively in open lumbar microdiscectomy in 63 patients. When combined with the results of a previous study performed at the same institution, the authors found that this technique significantly reduces the rate of recurrent disc herniation when compared with traditional laminotomy with discectomy. This procedure maximizes the benefits of each approach taken separately, allowing for decompression of the nerve root from a free fragment or sequestered disc and preventing recurrence through dissolution of the nucleus pulposus. Overall, outcome was good or excellent immediately postoperatively in 73% of the 63 patients and in 64% at last follow-up evaluation. Additionally, this procedure is safe with no complications noted in the immediate perioperative period or at follow-up evaluation.

scholarly journals Primary immune system responders to nucleus pulposus cells: evidence for immune response in disc herniation

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Murai ◽  
◽  
D Sakai ◽  
Y Nakamura ◽  
T Nakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus Cells

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper: A Promising Marker for Monitoring and Treating Sepsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Jun He ◽  
Ji-Qian Xu ◽  
Miao-Miao Sun ◽  
Xiang-Zhi Fang ◽  
Zhe-Kang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Inflammatory Phase ◽  
Individual Variations

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome that resulting from a dysregulated inflammatory response to infection that leads to organ dysfunction. The dysregulated inflammatory response transitions from a hyper-inflammatory phase to a hypo-inflammatory or immunosuppressive phase. Currently, no phase-specific molecular-based therapies are available for monitoring the complex immune response and treating sepsis due to individual variations in the timing and overlap of the dysregulated immune response in most patients. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), is broadly present in multiple tissues and circumvent glucocorticoid resistance (GCR) or unwanted side effects. Recently, the characteristics of GILZ downregulation during acute hyperinflammation and GILZ upregulation during the immunosuppressive phase in various inflammatory diseases have been well documented, and the protective effects of GILZ have gained attention in the field of sepsis. However, whether GILZ could be a promising candidate biomarker for monitoring and treating septic patients remains unknown. Here, we discuss the effect of GILZ in sepsis and sepsis-induced immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12143
Author(s):  
Regina P. Markus ◽  
Kassiano S. Sousa ◽  
Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado ◽  
Pedro A. Fernandes ◽  
Zulma S. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pineal Melatonin ◽  
Inflammatory Phase ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance of pineal activity in monitoring PAMPs and DAMPs and in mounting an inflammatory response or innate immune response. Activation of the immune–pineal axis, which coordinates the pro-and anti-inflammatory phases of an innate immune response, is described. PAMPs and DAMPs promote the immediate suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland, which allows leukocyte migration. Monocyte-derived macrophages, important phagocytes of microbes, and cellular debris produce melatonin locally and thereby initiate the anti-inflammatory phase of the acute inflammatory response. The role of locally produced melatonin in organs that directly contact the external environment, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is also discussed. In this context, as resident macrophages are self-renewing cells, we explore evidence indicating that, besides avoiding overreaction of the immune system, extra-pineal melatonin has a fundamental role in the homeostasis of organs and tissues.

Atopic dermatitis: new horizons of therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Kruglova ◽  
E. M. Gensler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Past

Over the past decades, the first breakthrough milestone in the treatment of severe forms of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been targeted therapy aimed at inhibiting IL-4 and IL-13. This was made possible thanks to advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, the driver of which is the Th2-type immune response, which also underlies such manifestations of atopy as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and polynosis. In the case of the Th2-type immune response, cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are secreted, which are the main promoters of the inflammatory response in AD. Inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 leads to the prevention of inflammation and is an effective approach to therapy. The use of therapy aimed at inhibition of cytokines allows you to effectively cope with the manifestations of severe and moderately severe blood pressure.

scholarly journals A Transforaminal Endoscopic Surgical Technique for Treating Lumbar Disc Herniation in the Setting of Spina Bifida

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Albert E. Telfeian ◽  
Adetokunbo Oyelese ◽  
Jared Fridley ◽  
Rohaid Ali ◽  
Deus Cielo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Lumbar Disc Herniation ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Surgical Decompression ◽  
Minimally Invasive Approach ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Invasive Approach

Recent literature suggests that adult patients with spina bifida receive surgery for degenerative disc disease at higher rates than the general population. However, sometimes the complex anatomic features of co-occurring spina bifida and lumbar disc herniation can significantly challenge standard surgical techniques. Here, the technical steps are presented for treating a foraminal lumbar 4-5-disc herniation in the setting of a patient with multifaceted degenerative and spina bifida occulta anatomy. Utilized is a minimally invasive approach that does not require general anesthesia or fusion and allows the patient to leave the same day. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-reported case of endoscopic surgical decompression of a lumbar disc in a patient with spina bifida.

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