scholarly journals Microbiota Signals during the Neonatal Period Forge Life-Long Immune Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8162
Author(s):  
Bryan Phillips-Farfán ◽  
Fernando Gómez-Chávez ◽  
Edgar Alejandro Medina-Torres ◽  
José Antonio Vargas-Villavicencio ◽  
Karla Carvajal-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Neonatal Immunity ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Antigen Presenting

The microbiota regulates immunological development during early human life, with long-term effects on health and disease. Microbial products include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), formyl peptides (FPs), polysaccharide A (PSA), polyamines (PAs), sphingolipids (SLPs) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Anti-inflammatory SCFAs are produced by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia by undigested-carbohydrate fermentation. Thus, fiber amount and type determine their occurrence. FPs bind receptors from the pattern recognition family, those from commensal bacteria induce a different response than those from pathogens. PSA is a capsular polysaccharide from B. fragilis stimulating immunoregulatory protein expression, promoting IL-2, STAT1 and STAT4 gene expression, affecting cytokine production and response modulation. PAs interact with neonatal immunity, contribute to gut maturation, modulate the gut–brain axis and regulate host immunity. SLPs are composed of a sphingoid attached to a fatty acid. Prokaryotic SLPs are mostly found in anaerobes. SLPs are involved in proliferation, apoptosis and immune regulation as signaling molecules. The AhR is a transcription factor regulating development, reproduction and metabolism. AhR binds many ligands due to its promiscuous binding site. It participates in immune tolerance, involving lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells during early development in exposed humans.

Deep Learning-based Framework for Smart Sustainable Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-107
Author(s):  
Nagarathna Ravi ◽  
Vimala Rani P ◽  
Rajesh Alias Harinarayan R ◽  
Mercy Shalinie S ◽  
Karthick Seshadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Deep Belief Network ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Belief Network

Pure air is vital for sustaining human life. Air pollution causes long-term effects on people. There is an urgent need for protecting people from its profound effects. In general, people are unaware of the levels to which they are exposed to air pollutants. Vehicles, burning various kinds of waste, and industrial gases are the top three onset agents of air pollution. Of these three top agents, human beings are exposed frequently to the pollutants due to motor vehicles. To aid in protecting people from vehicular air pollutants, this article proposes a framework that utilizes deep learning models. The framework utilizes a deep belief network to predict the levels of air pollutants along the paths people travel and also a comparison with the predictions made by a feed forward neural network and an extreme learning machine. When evaluating the deep belief neural network for the case study undertaken, a deep belief network was able to achieve a higher index of agreement and lower RMSE values.

scholarly journals Cancer immunoediting and dioxin-activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a missing link in the shift toward tumor immunoescape?

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ruggero Ridolfi ◽  
Massimo Guidoboni ◽  
Laura Ridolfi
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Tumor Escape ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cancer Immunoediting ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Waste Incinerators

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the PAS protein family, is found in organisms as diverse as Drosophila melano­gaster, nematodes, and mammals. While several reviews have reported that AhR, once activated by agonist ligands, causes long-term effects such as modification of cell growth through cell cycle control, there is also recent evidence of its decisive role in immunosuppression. The most widely studied AhR agonist is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, which binds AhR with the highest known affinity, leading to profound suppression of both humoral and cellular immune responses, with praecox thymus involution, consequent thymocyte loss, and induction of T-cell apoptosis. Dioxin-AhR binding causes a decline in the number of dendritic cells and enhances apoptosis following their inappropriate activation. Dioxin-mediated activation of AhR also has a direct influence on the expansion of regula­tory T-cells CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ (T-regs) and an adverse affect on CD8+ T-cell responses. Dioxin released from industrial and waste incinerators over the last few decades has caused widespread contamination of food, leading to its accumulation in fatty tissue in animals and humans. The elimination half-life of dioxin in humans (7-10 years) may favor the potentially continuous and long-lasting activation of AhR, leading to perpetual immune suppression and facilitating the onset, growth, and diffusion of tumors, especially in young people. In the cancer immunoediting hypoth­esis, which subdivides the relationship between tumor and immune system into three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape, it is thought that dioxin accumulation may cause an inevitable shift toward tumor escape.

Intestinal health functions of colonic microbial metabolites: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Havenaar
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Dietary Fibres ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Final Answer ◽  
Published Research

This review tries to find a scientific answer on the following two questions: (1) to what extent do we understand the specific role of colonic microbial metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in maintaining the health status and prevention of diseases of the colon and the host; (2) to what extent can we influence or even control the formation of colonic microbial metabolites which are beneficial for the health status. The review focuses on the following topics: energy source, intestinal motility, defence barrier, oxidative stress with special attention for antiinflammatory and anti-carcinogen functions, and satiety. Also the risk of overproduction of SCFA is discussed. Reviewing the literature as present today, it can be concluded that physiological levels of SCFA are vital for the health and well-being of the host and that the presence of carbohydrates (dietary fibre, prebiotics) is essential to favour the metabolic activity in the direction of carbohydrate fermentation. For optimal motor activity of the ileum and colon, to regulate the physiological intestinal mobility, steadily fermentable dietary fibres or prebiotics are crucial. The formation of SCFA, especially propionate and butyrate, up to high physiological levels in the colon, much likely also contributes to the defence mechanisms of the intestinal wall. No final answer can be given yet about the role of SCFA in anti-inflammation and anti-carcinogenicity, but recently published research shows possible mechanisms in this field. The intake of prebiotics or specific dietary fibres promotes the formation of SCFA within the physiological range, and more or less specifically increases the levels of propionate and butyrate. In this way, they provide benefit to the host, especially the natural regulation of the digestive system.

scholarly journals Breath methane to hydrogen ratio as a surrogate marker of intestinal dysbiosis in head and neck cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuwan Dharmawardana ◽  
Thomas Goddard ◽  
Charmaine Woods ◽  
David I. Watson ◽  
Ross Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Tumour Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selected Ion Flow Tube ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Breath Methane

Abstract Exhaled breath compounds can non-invasively detect head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Here we investigated exhaled compounds related to intestinal bacterial carbohydrate fermentation. Fasting breath samples were collected into 3 litre FlexFoil PLUS bags from patients awaiting a biopsy procedure for suspected HNSCC. Samples were analysed using a Syft selected ion flow-tube mass spectrometer and a Quintron BreathTracker. Two tailed non-parametric significance testing was conducted with corrections for multiple imputations. 74 patients were diagnosed (histological) with HNSCC and 61 patients were benign (controls). The methane to hydrogen ratio was significantly different between cancer and non-cancer controls (p = 0.0440). This ratio increased with tumour stage with a significant difference between T1 and T4 tumours (p = 0.0259). Hydrogen levels were significantly higher in controls who were smokers (p = 0.0129), with no smoking dependent methane changes. There were no differences in short chain fatty acids between groups. Exhaled compounds of intestinal carbohydrate fermentation can detect HNSCC patients. These findings suggest a modified carbohydrate fermentation profile in HNSCC patients that is tumour stage and smoking status dependent.

Deterrence or Brutalization

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Bowers ◽  
Glenn L. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Human Life ◽  
New York State ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mass Murders ◽  
Effects Of War

In this study, we find that in New York State over the period 1907-63 there were, on the average, two additional homicides in the month after an execution. Controls for time trends, seasonality, the effects of war, and adjustments for autocorrelation tend to confirm this finding. Such a "brutalizing" effect of executions is consistent with research on violent events such as publicized suicides, mass murders, and assassinations; with previous studies of the long-term effects of the availability and use of capital punishment; and with a small number of investigations of the short-term impact of executions in the days, weeks, and months that fol low. This suggests that the message of executions is one of "lethal ven geance" more than deterrence. The resulting sacrifice of human life chal lenges the constitutionality of capital punishment.

Bacteria, Colonic Fermentation, and Gastrointestinal Health

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
George T Macfarlane ◽  
Sandra Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Colonic Disease ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Host Origin ◽  
Metabolic Activities

Abstract The colonic microbiota plays an important role in human digestive physiology and makes a significant contribution to homeostasis in the large bowel. The microbiome probably comprises thousands of different bacterial species. The principal metabolic activities of colonic microorganisms are associated with carbohydrate and protein digestion. Nutrients of dietary and host origin support the growth of intestinal organisms. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), predominantly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are the principal metabolites generated during the catabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. In contrast, protein digestion yields a greater diversity of end products, including SCFAs, amines, phenols, indoles, thiols, CO2, H2, and H2S, many of which have toxic properties. The majority of SCFAs are absorbed from the gut and metabolized in various body tissues, making a relatively small but significant contribution to the body's daily energy requirements. Carbohydrate fermentation is, for the most part, a beneficial process in the large gut, because the growth of saccharolytic bacteria stimulates their requirements for toxic products associated with putrefaction, for incorporation into cellular proteins, thereby protecting the host. However, as digestive materials move along the gut, carbohydrates become depleted, which may be linked to the increased prevalence of colonic disease in the distal bowel.

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