scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5487
Author(s):  
Hee Sook Hwang ◽  
Hyosuk Kim ◽  
Geonhee Han ◽  
Jong Won Lee ◽  
Kwangmeyung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Surface Engineering ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Target Specificity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Extracellular vesicles (EV) deliver cargoes such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between cells and serve as an intercellular communicator. As it is revealed that most of the functions associated to EVs are closely related to the immune response, the important role of EVs in inflammatory diseases is emerging. EVs can be functionalized through EV surface engineering and endow targeting moiety that allows for the target specificity for therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases. Moreover, engineered EVs are considered as promising nanoparticles to develop personalized therapeutic carriers. In this review, we highlight the role of EVs in various inflammatory diseases, the application of EV as anti-inflammatory therapeutics, and the current state of the art in EV engineering techniques.

scholarly journals Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (16) ◽  
pp. 2667-2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bence György ◽  
Tamás G. Szabó ◽  
Mária Pásztói ◽  
Zsuzsanna Pál ◽  
Petra Misják ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Current State

Hyperferritinaemia: An Iron Sword of Autoimmunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (27) ◽  
pp. 2909-2918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Giemza-Stokłosa ◽  
Md. Asiful Islam ◽  
Przemysław J. Kotyla
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Acute Phase Reactant ◽  
Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Phase Reactant ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Cytokine Synthesis

Background:: Ferritin is a molecule that plays many roles being the storage for iron, signalling molecule, and modulator of the immune response. Methods:: Different electronic databases were searched in a non-systematic way to find out the literature of interest. Results:: The level of ferritin rises in many inflammatory conditions including autoimmune disorders. However, in four inflammatory diseases (i.e., adult-onset Still’s diseases, macrophage activation syndrome, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, and sepsis), high levels of ferritin are observed suggesting it as a remarkable biomarker and pathological involvement in these diseases. Acting as an acute phase reactant, ferritin is also involved in the cytokine-associated modulator of the immune response as well as a regulator of cytokine synthesis and release which are responsible for the inflammatory storm. Conclusion:: This review article presents updated information on the role of ferritin in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with an emphasis on hyperferritinaemic syndrome.

scholarly journals Geomorphometry: Today and Tomorrow

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Content Knowledge ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Terrain Modeling ◽  
Actionable Knowledge ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Current State ◽  
Digital Terrain Modeling ◽  
Key Innovations

This paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art in geomorphometry and describes the innovations that are close at hand and will be required to push digital terrain modeling forward in the future. These innovations will draw on concepts and methods from computer science and the spatial sciences and require greater collaboration to produce “actionable” knowledge and outcomes. The key innovations include rediscovering and using what we already know, developing new digital terrain modeling methods, clarifying and strengthening the role of theory, developing high-fidelity DEMs, developing and embracing new visualization methods, adopting new computational approaches, and making better use of provenance, credibility, and application-content knowledge.

scholarly journals The complex, bidirectional role of extracellular vesicles in infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni Renee White ◽  
Priscila Dauros-Singorenko ◽  
Jiwon Hong ◽  
Frédérique Vanholsbeeck ◽  
Anthony Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Domains Of Life

Cells from all domains of life release extracellular vesicles (EVs), packages that carry a cargo of molecules that participate in communication, co-ordination of population behaviours, virulence and immune response mechanisms. Mammalian EVs play an increasingly recognised role to fight infection, yet may also be commandeered to disseminate pathogens and enhance infection. EVs released by bacterial pathogens may deliver toxins to host cells, signalling molecules and new DNA to other bacteria, and act as decoys, protecting infecting bacteria from immune killing. In this review, we explore the role of EVs in infection from the perspective of both the pathogen and host, and highlight their importance in the host/pathogen relationship. We highlight proposed strategies for EVs in therapeutics, and call attention to areas where existing knowledge and evidence is lacking.

scholarly journals Platelet Extracellular Vesicles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Puhm ◽  
Eric Boilard ◽  
Kellie R. Machlus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Broad Array

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a means of cell-to-cell communication and can facilitate the exchange of a broad array of molecules between adjacent or distant cells. Platelets are anucleate cells derived from megakaryocytes and are primarily known for their role in maintaining hemostasis and vascular integrity. Upon activation by a variety of agonists, platelets readily generate EVs, which were initially identified as procoagulant particles. However, as both platelets and their EVs are abundant in blood, the role of platelet EVs in hemostasis may be redundant. Moreover, findings have challenged the significance of platelet-derived EVs in coagulation. Looking beyond hemostasis, platelet EV cargo is incredibly diverse and can include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and organelles involved in numerous other biological processes. Furthermore, while platelets cannot cross tissue barriers, their EVs can enter lymph, bone marrow, and synovial fluid. This allows for the transfer of platelet-derived content to cellular recipients and organs inaccessible to platelets. This review highlights the importance of platelet-derived EVs in physiological and pathological conditions beyond hemostasis.

scholarly journals Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: Tailored-Made Nanomaterials for Medical Applications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1838
Author(s):  
Kenny Man ◽  
Mathieu Y. Brunet ◽  
Marie-Christine Jones ◽  
Sophie C. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Biomimetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Natural Cell

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising nanoscale therapeutics due to their intrinsic role as mediators of intercellular communication, regulating tissue development and homeostasis. The low immunogenicity and natural cell-targeting capabilities of EVs has led to extensive research investigating their potential as novel acellular tools for tissue regeneration or for the diagnosis of pathological conditions. However, the clinical use of EVs has been hindered by issues with yield and heterogeneity. From the modification of parental cells and naturally-derived vesicles to the development of artificial biomimetic nanoparticles or the functionalisation of biomaterials, a multitude of techniques have been employed to augment EVs therapeutic efficacy. This review will explore various engineering strategies that could promote EVs scalability and therapeutic effectiveness beyond their native utility. Herein, we highlight the current state-of-the-art EV-engineering techniques with discussion of opportunities and obstacles for each. This is synthesised into a guide for selecting a suitable strategy to maximise the potential efficacy of EVs as nanoscale therapeutics.

The growing role of structural mass spectrometry in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies

The Analyst ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 2459-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Tian ◽  
Brandon T. Ruotolo
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Measurement Science ◽  
Structural Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structural Mass

The comprehensive structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies is of critical importance for the successful discovery and development of such biopharmaceuticals, yet poses many challenges to modern measurement science. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometry technologies focusing on the characterization of antibody-based therapeutics.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Therapy: Impact of Host Immune Response

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie E. Gilligan ◽  
Róisín M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Cancer Setting ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

In recent times, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have come under the spotlight as potential therapeutics for cancer, due to the relative ease of manipulation of contents and potential for tumor targeting. The use of EVs as delivery vehicles may bypass some of the negative effects associated with cell-based carriers, and there has been a major focus on defining EV subtypes, establishing transparent nomenclature, and isolation and characterization techniques. EVs are believed to be a fingerprint of the secreting cell and so researchers harness the positive aspects of a particular cell of origin, and can then further modify EV contents to improve therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we highlight studies employing EVs as cancer therapeutics that have reported on immune response. As we rapidly advance towards potential application in the clinical setting, the question of immune response to EV administration in the cancer setting has become critically important.

scholarly journals New Insights on the Role of pentraxin-3 in Allergic Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latifa Koussih ◽  
Samira Atoui ◽  
Omar Tliba ◽  
Abdelilah S. Gounni
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pentraxin 3 ◽  
Complement Components

Pentraxins are soluble pattern recognition receptors that play a major role in regulating innate immune responses. Through their interaction with complement components, Fcγ receptors, and different microbial moieties, Pentraxins cause an amplification of the inflammatory response. Pentraxin-3 is of particular interest since it was identified as a biomarker for several immune-pathological diseases. In allergic asthma, pentraxin-3 is produced by immune and structural cells and is up-regulated by pro-asthmatic cytokines such as TNFα and IL-1β. Strikingly, some recent experimental evidence demonstrated a protective role of pentraxin-3 in chronic airway inflammatory diseases such as allergic asthma. Indeed, reduced pentraxin-3 levels have been associated with neutrophilic inflammation, Th17 immune response, insensitivity to standard therapeutics and a severe form of the disease. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the role of pentraxin-3 in innate immune response and discuss the protective role of pentraxin-3 in allergic asthma.

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