scholarly journals Environmentally Friendly Cross-Linked Antifouling Coatings Based on Dual Antimicrobial Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4658
Author(s):  
Georgia C. Lainioti ◽  
Anthi Tsapikouni ◽  
Denisa Druvari ◽  
Pavlos Avramidis ◽  
Ioannis Prevedouros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymeric Coatings ◽  
Antimicrobial Polymers ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Antifouling Coatings ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The synthesis of environmentally friendly antimicrobial polymeric coatings, especially in the case of aquaculture, that inhibit the growth of bio-deposits is a very important issue that will contribute to the cost reduction of nets’ cleaning process as well as the protection of the submarine wealth from the biostatic substances used so far. In the present work, the antimicrobial polymers P(SSAmC16-co-VBCHAMx) and the terpolymer P(SSAmC16w-co-VBCHAMx-co-GMAy) were synthesized, bearing quaternary ammonium compounds, electrostatically bound and covalently attached at the same polymer chain. The combination of the two types is of particular importance, as it can provide effective antimicrobial polymeric materials with self-polishing capabilities as a result of the released nature of the antimicrobial, in combination with the permanent local action of the immobilized species. The cross-linking reaction of the terpolymer P(SSAmC16w-co-VBCHAMx-co-GMAy) with the homopolymer polyacrylic acid (PAA) was tested at 120 °C in terms of the equivalent ratio between epoxy and carboxyl groups. The synthesized polymers were further used for the coating of aquaculture nets and tested in terms of antifouling efficiency in lab and scale-up conditions. Uncoated nets were also used in all applications for comparison reasons. The coated nets performed efficiently for 35 days in lab-scale and 66 days in scale-up conditions, showing a high antifouling activity in both fields compared to the uncoated nets.

scholarly journals Polymeric Coatings Based on Water-Soluble Trimethylammonium Copolymers for Antifouling Applications

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1678
Author(s):  
Artemis Tsagdi ◽  
Denisa Druvari ◽  
Dionisios Panagiotaras ◽  
Pavlos Avramidis ◽  
Vlasoula Bekiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Polymeric Coatings ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Antifouling Coatings ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Contact Killing ◽  
Short Time

Crosslinked polymeric materials based on a quaternary trimethylammonium compound were developed and evaluated as potential antifouling coatings. For this purpose, two water-soluble random copolymers, poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride-co-acrylic acid) P(VBCTMAM-co-AAx) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-glycidylmethacrylate) P(DMAm-co-GMAx), were synthesized via free radical polymerization. A water based approach for the synthesis of P(VBCTMAM-co-AAx) copolymer was used. Coatings of the complementary reactive copolymers in different compositions were obtained by curing at 120 °C for one day and were used to coat aquaculture nets. These nets were evaluated in respect to their release rate using Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) measurements. Finally, the antifouling efficacy of these newly-composed durable coatings was investigated for 14 days in accelerated conditions. The results showed that this novel polymeric material provides contact-killing antifouling activity for a short time period, whereas it functions efficiently in biofouling removal after high-pressure cleaning.

Implementasi Analisis Proses Bisnis Sebagai Upaya Pengurangan Biaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Aniek Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Procurement Process ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
The Cost

Business Process Analysis can be used to eliminate or reduce a waste cost caused by non value added activities that exist in a process. This research aims at evaluating activities carried out in the natural material procurement process in the PT XYZ, calculating the effectiveness of the process cycle, finding a way to improve the process management, and calculating the cost reduction that can achieved by activity management. A case study was the approach of this research. The researcher obtained research data throughout deep interviews with the staff who directly involved in the process, observation, and documentation of natural material procurement. The result of this study show that the effectiveness of the process cycle of natural material procurement in the factory reached as much as 87,1% for the sand material and 72% for the crushed stone. This indicates that the process still carry activities with no added value and still contain ineffective costs. Through the Business Process Mechanism, these non value added activities can be managed so that the process cycle becomes more efficient and cost effectiveness is achieved. The result of the effective cycle calculation after the management activities implementation is 100%. This means that the cost of natural material procurement process has become effective. The result of calculation of the estimated cost reduction as a result of management activity is as much as Rp249.026.635,90 per year.

ANALISIS PENGARUH BIAYA OPERASIONAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PENERBANGAN NASIONAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-107
Author(s):  
Dheny Biantara
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Oil Pricing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Flexibility ◽  
Airline Maintenance

Summarized Indonesian airline executive views on the reason for the cost problem in mayor airline andon the potential areas and measures of cost reduction in airline operation. Present an introductionsurvey where 3 executives from 3 Indonesian airlines were respondent. In the executive opinion the costproblem in mayor Indonesian airline is primarily due to fuel and oil pricing and money currency. Of thevarious function in airline maintenance was seen as least cost efficiency, whereas flight operation wasseen as an area with most potential for cost reduction. Indonesian airline had made route and fleetchanges after the beginning of 2011 to reduce cost, concludes from the analisys result havingprivatization would be an important step towards more efficient airline operation. Flexibility fromIndonesian airline regulatory would be very much welcome and the value chain concept to improveIndonesian airline having competitive adventage and cost leadership differentiation.

scholarly journals Flavonoid Glycosides with a Triazole Moiety for Marine Antifouling Applications: Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Daniela Pereira ◽  
Catarina Gonçalves ◽  
Beatriz T. Martins ◽  
Andreia Palmeira ◽  
Vitor Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qsar Model ◽  
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Antifouling Activity ◽  
Antifouling Coatings ◽  
Marine Industry ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Polymethoxylated Flavones ◽  
First Time

Over the last decades, antifouling coatings containing biocidal compounds as active ingredients were used to prevent biofouling, and eco-friendly alternatives are needed. Previous research from our group showed that polymethoxylated chalcones and glycosylated flavones obtained by synthesis displayed antifouling activity with low toxicity. In this work, ten new polymethoxylated flavones and chalcones were synthesized for the first time, including eight with a triazole moiety. Eight known flavones and chalcones were also synthesized and tested in order to construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for these compounds. Three different antifouling profiles were found: three compounds (1b, 11a and 11b) exhibited anti-settlement activity against a macrofouling species (Mytilus galloprovincialis), two compounds (6a and 6b) exhibited inhibitory activity against the biofilm-forming marine bacteria Roseobacter litoralis and one compound (7b) exhibited activity against both mussel larvae and microalgae Navicula sp. Hydrogen bonding acceptor ability of the molecule was the most significant descriptor contributing positively to the mussel larvae anti-settlement activity and, in fact, the triazolyl glycosylated chalcone 7b was the most potent compound against this species. The most promising compounds were not toxic to Artemia salina, highlighting the importance of pursuing the development of new synthetic antifouling agents as an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative for the marine industry.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Study on Reversible Solid Oxide Cells as Key Enablers of Cyclic Conversion between Electrical Energy and Fuel

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4517
Author(s):  
Saheli Biswas ◽  
Shambhu Singh Rathore ◽  
Aniruddha Pramod Kulkarni ◽  
Sarbjit Giddey ◽  
Sankar Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Internal Reforming ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
The Cost

Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) enable the efficient cyclic conversion between electrical and chemical energy in the form of fuels and chemicals, thereby providing a pathway for long-term and high-capacity energy storage. Amongst the different fuels under investigation, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia have gained immense attention as carbon-neutral energy vectors. Here we have compared the energy efficiency and the energy demand of rSOC based on these three fuels. In the fuel cell mode of operation (energy generation), two different routes have been considered for both methane and ammonia; Routes 1 and 2 involve internal reforming (in the case of methane) or cracking (in the case of ammonia) and external reforming or cracking, respectively. The use of hydrogen as fuel provides the highest round-trip efficiency (62.1%) followed by methane by Route 1 (43.4%), ammonia by Route 2 (41.1%), methane by Route 2 (40.4%), and ammonia by Route 1 (39.2%). The lower efficiency of internal ammonia cracking as opposed to its external counterpart can be attributed to the insufficient catalytic activity and stability of the state-of-the-art fuel electrode materials, which is a major hindrance to the scale-up of this technology. A preliminary cost estimate showed that the price of hydrogen, methane and ammonia produced in SOEC mode would be ~1.91, 3.63, and 0.48 $/kg, respectively. In SOFC mode, the cost of electricity generation using hydrogen, internally reformed methane, and internally cracked ammonia would be ~52.34, 46.30, and 47.11 $/MWh, respectively.

Recent advances in the technologies of connection for panel structures: Design and cost analysis of different solutions with X-shaped dissipative connectors

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-315
Author(s):  
Massimo Latour
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Classical Solutions ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Seismic Damper ◽  
Classical Systems ◽  
Cyclic Behaviour ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity ◽  
The Cost

In this work, a recently patented seismic damper to be applied to structures composed by systems of panels is presented. In particular, the article is devoted to characterize the behaviour of the proposed connector by means of an experimental and numerical analysis and to provide some information about the cost of the elements needed to realize the damper, accounting for the manufacturing process. The experimental analysis has regarded five specimens tested under different loading conditions, and it has been used as a term of comparison with the classical systems of connection currently employed in these structures. Afterwards, in the article, a design criterion able to control the capacity and ductility of the device by simply varying the shape of the damper is presented and its accuracy is evaluated by performing finite element analyses. The results of the experimental and finite element analyses are very promising in terms of cyclic behaviour and energy dissipation capacity and reveal that the design of the element can be accurately controlled by means of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the cost estimate has revealed that the proposed damper is also cheaper than the classical solutions with a cost reduction of about 40%.

Reforming Teacher Pension Plans: The Case of Kansas, the 1st Teacher Cash Balance Plan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-48
Author(s):  
Robert M. Costrell
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
Cash Balance ◽  
Surface Appearance ◽  
Risky Assets ◽  
Retirement Accounts ◽  
Employer Contribution ◽  
Loaded Structure ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The ongoing crisis in teacher pension funding has led states to consider various reforms in plan design, to replace the traditional benefit formulas, based on years of service and final average salary (FAS). One such design is a cash balance (CB) plan, long deployed in the private sector, and increasingly considered, but rarely yet adopted for teachers. Such plans are structured with individual 401(k)-type retirement accounts, but with guaranteed returns. In this paper I examine how the nation's first CB plan for teachers, in Kansas, has played out for system costs, and the level and distribution of individual benefits, compared to the FAS plan it replaced. My key findings are: (1) employer-funded benefits were modestly reduced, despite the surface appearance of more generous employer contribution matches; (2) more importantly, the cost of the pension guarantee, which is off-the-books under standard actuarial accounting, was reduced quite substantially. In addition, benefits are more equitably distributed between short termers and career teachers than under the back-loaded structure of benefits characteristic of FAS plans. The key to the plan's cost reduction is that the guaranteed return approximates a low-risk market return, considerably lower than the assumed return on risky assets.

scholarly journals Comparative economics of cashew nut kernel processing technology in Bastar region of India

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar Verma ◽  
SK Nag ◽  
SK Patil
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Comparative Economics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improved Technology

The paper has studied the economic viability of improved technology (Introduced under NAIP component-3) for extraction of cashew kernel from cashew nut in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, India. Cost concept has been used to calculate economics of cashew kernel. The technology (Boiling, steaming, cutting, drying, and peeling) has been found viable over conventional practices (Traditional manual separation by stone or hammer) on account of higher recovery of 40 percent and cost reduction by 29.71 percent. Overall net profit per unit (One unit includes one boiler, one steamer, two cutter, one dryer, six peelers and cost of land, depreciation and interest on working capital) in the case of improved technology has been estimated to be Rs 7.32 lakh. Cost of production in machine extraction practices was 202.80 Rupees per kilogram of cashew in spite of traditionally practiced 288.56 Rupees per kilogram. The cost benefit ratio was found higher in machine extraction (1.57) as compare to traditionally practiced (0.169). The mechanical decortications and separation could not only save time and money, also reduced women drudgery (due to manual breaking by stone or hammer to separate kernel). The technology has been found suitable for promotion of entrepreneurship on the processing of cashew kernel from cashew nut in the production catchments which otherwise is not properly utilized. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i1.20166 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(1): 165-172, March 2014

scholarly journals Economic consequences to society of pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 – preliminary results for Sweden

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Brouwers ◽  
B Cakici ◽  
M Camitz ◽  
A Tegnell ◽  
M Boman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Swedish Society ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Death Cases

Experiments using a microsimulation platform show that vaccination against pandemic H1N1 influenza is highly cost-effective. Swedish society may reduce the costs of pandemic by about SEK 2.5 billion (approximately EUR 250 million) if at least 60 per cent of the population is vaccinated, even if costs related to death cases are excluded. The cost reduction primarily results from reduced absenteeism. These results are preliminary and based on comprehensive assumptions about the infectiousness and morbidity of the pandemic, which are uncertain in the current situation.

scholarly journals Breaking the problem into pieces: pre-clustering on-the-fly with the NGLMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Farrow
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Transitive Closure ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
Computationally Intensive ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Review

ABSTRACT ObjectivesThe SA.NT DataLink Next Generation Linkage Management System (NGLMS) stores linked data in the form of a graph (in the computer science sense) comprised of nodes (records) and edges (record relationships or similarities). This permits efficient pre-clustering techniques based on transitive closure to form groups of records which relate to the same individual (or other selection criteria). ApproachOnly information known (or at least highly likely) to be relevant is extracted from the graph as superclusters. This operation is computationally inexpensive when the underlying information is stored as a graph and may be able to be done on-the-fly for typical clusters. More computationally intensive analysis and/or further clustering may then be performed on this smaller subgraph. Canopy clustering and using blocking used to reduce pairwise comparisons are expressions of the same type of approach. ResultsSubclusters for manual review based on transitive closure are typically computationally inexpensive enough to extract from the NGLMS that they are extracted on-demand during manual clerical review activities. There is no necessity to pre-calculate these clusters. Once extracted further analysis is undertaken on these smaller data groupings for visualisation and presentation for review and quality analysis. More computationally expensive techniques can be used at this point to prepare data for visualisation or provide hints to manual reviewers. 
Extracting high-recall groups of data records for review but providing them to reviews grouped further into high precision groups as the result of a second pass has resulted in a reduction of the time taken for clerical reviewers at SANT DataLink to manual review a group by 30–40%. The reviewers are able to manipulate whole groups of related records at once rather than individual records. ConclusionPre-clustering reduces the computational cost associated with higher order clustering and analysis algorithms. Algorithms which scale by n^2 (or more) are typical in comparison scenarios. By breaking the problem into pieces the computational cost can be reduced. Typically breaking a problem into many pieces reduces the cost in proportion to the number of pieces the problem can be broken into. This cost reduction can make techniques possible which would otherwise be computationally prohibitive.

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