scholarly journals Dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAA) in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2-Possible Clinical Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4503
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dettlaff-Pokora ◽  
Julian Swierczynski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Potent Vasoconstrictor

SARS-CoV-2 impairs the renin-angiotensin-aledosterone system via binding ACE2 enzyme. ACE2 plays a key role in the biosynthesis of angiotensin (1-7), catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin 2 into angiotensin (1-7) and the reaction of angiotensin synthesis (1-9), from which angiotensin is (1-7) produced under the influence of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme). Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and atherogenic molecule converted by ACE2 to reducing inflammation and vasodilating in action angiotensin (1-7). Angiotensin (1-9), that is a product of angiotensin 1 metabolism and precursor of angiotensin (1-7), also exerts cell protective properties. Balance between angiotensin 2 and angiotensin (1-7) regulates blood pressure and ACE2 plays a critical role in this balance. ACE2, unlike ACE, is not inhibited by ACE inhibitors at the doses used in humans during the treatment of arterial hypertension. Membrane ACE2 is one of the receptors that allows SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells. ACE2 after SARS-CoV-2 binding is internalized and degraded. Hence ACE2 activity on the cell surface is reduced leading to increase the concentration of angiotensin 2 and decrease the concentration of angiotensin (1-7). Disturbed angiotensins metabolism, changes in ratio between angiotensins with distinct biological activities leading to domination of atherogenic angiotensin 2 can increase the damage to the lungs.

The Renin—Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Cascade: Renin and blood pressure

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 948-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALCOLM TREE ◽  
JEHOIADA J. BROWN ◽  
BRENDA J. LECKIE ◽  
ANTHONR F. LEVER ◽  
PER MANHEM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Enzyme Cascade

scholarly journals Reduction of blood pressure by aronia berries through inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Yamane ◽  
Miyuki Kozuka ◽  
Momoko Imai ◽  
Yoshio Yamamoto ◽  
Iwao Ohkubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Freeze Dried

Background: Aronia berries contain many important effects on potential health, with previous studies suggesting that aronia juice is useful for the treatment of hypertension.Objective: To examine whether aronia berries have improvement effects on hypertension through the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity.Method: The normal diet containing 10% freeze-dried aronia berries was administered to five spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) in each group for 28 days, with their body weight, food intake, and systolic blood pressure being measured. At 28 days after administration of aronia berry-containing diets, the serum, lungs, and kidneys were isolated and used for measurement of ACE activity.Results: In this study, we found that blood pressure in SHRs fed freeze-dried aronia berries-containing diet decreased compared with the blood pressure in SHRs fed normal diet. We also discovered that the catalytic activity of ACE was reduced in the kidney of SHRs fed freeze-dried aronia berries-containing diet but not in the lungs of aronia berries-administered rats.Conclusion: Aronia berries have beneficial effects on the amelioration of hypertension through inhibition of the kidney renin-angiotensin system.Key word: aronia, hypertension improvement, kidney renin-angiotensin system, ACE.

scholarly journals Quantifying renin-angiotensin-system alterations in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Pucci ◽  
Filippo Annoni ◽  
Robson Augusto Souza dos Santos ◽  
Fabio Silvio Taccone ◽  
Marianne Rooman
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Physiological Processes

Abstract The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in a wide series of physiological processes. One of its key components, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, has been identified as the entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the host cells, so many studies have been devoted to study RAS dysregulation in COVID-19. Here we discuss the alterations of the regulatory RAS axes due to SARS-CoV-2 infection on the basis of a series of recent clinical and experimental analyzes, which, for example, quantify the levels and activity of RAS components, in order to disentangle the links between the impaired RAS functioning and the pathophysiological characteristics of COVID-19. Finally, we discussed the effects of some RAS-targeting drugs, and how they could potentially contribute to restore the normal RAS functionality and minimize COVID-19 severity.

scholarly journals Cessation of Renin-Angiotensin System Antagonists During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic – Do We Have the Evidence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Emanuel Blîndu ◽  
Renata Gerculy ◽  
Diana Opincariu ◽  
Daniel Cernica ◽  
Imre Benedek
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

AbstractThe aim of this review is to provide a short update on whether treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has beneficial or harmful effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiological studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects all age groups, presenting a higher incidence in elderly patients with various comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. A large proportion of these patients are treated with ACEIs and ARBs. Since it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) as an entry point into host cells, it is important to know whether ACEIs and ARBs could modify the expression of this enzyme, and thus promote the viral infection. Animal studies and a few studies in humans have shown that renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors increase tissue expression of ACE2, but with potentially beneficial effects. In this context, it is imperative to provide appropriate guidance for clinicians and patients. The major cardiology associations across the world have released statements in which they recommend healthcare providers and patients to continue their treatments for hyper-tension and heart failure as prescribed.

scholarly journals Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with COVID-19: General Considerations and Clinical Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Neiberg de Alcantara Lima ◽  
Pedro Yuri Paiva Lima ◽  
Ricardo Lessa de Castro Junior ◽  
Eric Martin Sieloff ◽  
Stela Maria Vitorino Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Receptors ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

Initially reported in China at the end of 2019, the coronavirus pandemic has now reached an international scale with more than 1.5 million cases worldwide and more than eighty thousands deaths by April 8th of this year. Recent studies have shown that the virus invades host cells by the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, making it essential to viral transmission. Concerns have been raised about possible benefits and harms associated with the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptors blockers in these patients. However, there is lack of evidence to recommend even temporarily discontinuing renin-angiotensin system inhibitors/blockers in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervi Holappa ◽  
Heikki Vapaatalo ◽  
Anu Vaajanen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Aqueous Humor Dynamics

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is presente.g.in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.

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