scholarly journals The Role of TNF-α and Anti-TNF-α Agents during Preconception, Pregnancy, and Breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2922
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Romanowska-Próchnicka ◽  
Anna Felis-Giemza ◽  
Marzena Olesińska ◽  
Piotr Wojdasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Migratory Activity ◽  
Immune System Diseases ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Pregnancy

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional Th1 cytokine and one of the most important inflammatory cytokines. In pregnancy, TNF-α influences hormone synthesis, placental architecture, and embryonic development. It was also shown that increased levels of TNF-α are associated with pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. Increased TNF-α levels in complicated pregnancy draw attention to trophoblast biology, especially migratory activity, syncytialisation, and endocrine function. Additionally, elevated TNF-α levels may affect the maternal-fetal relationship by altering the secretory profile of placental immunomodulatory factors, which in turn affects maternal immune cells. There is growing evidence that metabolic/pro-inflammatory cytokines can program early placental functions and growth in the first trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, early pregnancy placenta has a direct impact on fetal development and maternal immune system diseases that release inflammatory (e.g., TNF-α) and immunomodulatory factors, such as chronic inflammatory rheumatic, gastroenterological, or dermatological diseases, and may result in an abnormal release of cytokines and chemokines in syncytiotrophoblasts. Pregnancy poses a challenge in the treatment of chronic disease in patients who plan to have children. The activity of the disease, the impact of pregnancy on the course of the disease, and the safety of pharmacotherapy, including anti-rheumatic agents, in pregnancy should be considered.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin C on Proinflammatory Cytokines Production in Ossimi Lambs (Ovis aries) with Pneumonic Pasteurellosis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3374
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdo Rizk ◽  
Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed ◽  
Doaa Salman ◽  
Basma H. Marghani ◽  
Hossam Elshahat Gadalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

In this study, we have investigated the impact of vitamin C on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in lambs naturally infected by pneumonic pasteurellosis. Of 37 lambs, 18 lambs were identified to have pneumonic pasteurellosis and randomly allocated into two equal groups. Single subcutaneous dose of tulathromycine alone (2.5 mg kg−1) or tulathromycine combined with vitamin C (3 gm kg−1) were administrated to the diseased lambs. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were returned to the normal levels in pneumonic lambs treated with the combination therapy. The obtained results indicate the selective influences of vitamin C on pro-inflammatory cytokines production in sera of lambs with pneumonic pasteurellosis and highlights the value of vitamin C as a potential anti-inflammatory drug and ideal immunomodulatory agent.

scholarly journals Age and Sport Intensity-Dependent Changes in Cytokines and Telomere Length in Elite Athletes

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Maha Sellami ◽  
Shamma Al-muraikhy ◽  
Hend Al-Jaber ◽  
Hadaia Al-Amri ◽  
Layla Al-Mansoori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Exercise-associated immune response plays a crucial role in the aging process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sport intensity on cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers and telomere length in aging elite athletes. Methods: In this study, 80 blood samples from consenting elite athletes were collected for anti-doping analysis at an anti-doping laboratory in Italy (FMSI). Participants were divided into three groups according to their sport intensity: low-intensity skills and power sports (LI, n = 18); moderate-intensity mixed soccer players (MI, n = 31); and high-intensity endurance sports (HI, n = 31). Participants were also divided into two age groups: less than 25 (n = 45) and above 25 years old (n = 35). Serum levels of 10 pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and two antioxidant enzymes were compared in age and sport intensity groups and telomere lengths were measured in their respective blood samples. Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was the only cytokine showing significantly higher concentration in older athletes, regardless of sport intensity. Interleukin (IL)-10 increased significantly in HI regardless of age group, whereas IL-6 concentration was higher in the older HI athletes. IL-8 showed a significant interaction with sport intensity in different age groups. Overall, significant positive correlations among levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-α were identified. The antioxidant catalase activity was positively correlated with levels of TNF-α. Telomere length increased significantly with sport intensity, especially in the younger group. Conclusion: HI had longer telomeres and higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting less aging in HI compared to low and moderate counterparts in association with heightened immune response. Investigation of the functional significance of these associations on the health and performance of elite athletes is warranted.

scholarly journals Nutritional Value and Anti-inflammation Activity of Misutkaru with Added Gryllus bimaculatus Powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Jung-Soon Han
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer ◽  
Tnf Α

Purpose: This study investigated the nutritional value of Misutkaru with added Gryllus bimaculatus powder (GBM) and its applicability as a healthy functional food.Methods: Chemical analysis of the moisture, crude fat, protein, and mineral contents was performed in accordance with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. The amino acid and fatty acid compositions were analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer and gas chromatography, respectively. The levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL‑6) induced by lipopolysaccharides in RAW 264.7 cells were measured.Results: The general composition per 100 g of GBM was 41.87 g protein, 19.75 g fat, and 28.52 g carbohydrates. The mineral content per 100 g of GBM was 889.66 mg calcium, 1189.73 mg potassium, 220.36 mg magnesium, 207.51 mg sodium, 694.81 mg phosphorus, and 15.50 mg zinc. In particular, valine (21.361 mg/kg), leucine (29.180 mg/kg), and isoleucine (15.562 mg/kg) were abundant in GBM. GBM also effectively downregulated the production of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.Conclusion: Misutkaru with added Gryllus bimaculatus powder may have potential for application in the development of food materials or foods to prevent muscle loss in elderly individuals and sarcopenia patients, build muscle, and prevent increase in blood lipid concentrations in middle aged people. In particular, as Gryllus bimaculatus is low in fat and carbohydrates, it can be used as a diet material.

scholarly journals Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the First Trimester—Comparison of Missed Miscarriage and Normal Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8538
Author(s):  
Maciej Kwiatek ◽  
Tomasz Gęca ◽  
Anna Kwaśniewska
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Tgf Β1

The advantage in response of Th2 over Th1 is observed in normal pregnancy in peripheral blood. A disturbance of this balance can lead to symptoms of miscarriage and pregnancy loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sera of women who were diagnosed with missed miscarriage in the first trimester and to compare this systemic immune response to the response in women with normal pregnancy. The study group consisted of 61 patients diagnosed with missed miscarriage. In total, 19 healthy women with uncomplicated first trimester created the control group. Cytokines were determined in the maternal serum by ELISA. The analysis included INF-γ, TNF-α, Il-1β, Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, Il-9, Il-10, Il-13 and TGF-β1. Th1 cytokine levels in the study group reached slightly higher values for INF-γ, Il-1β and slightly lower for IL-6 and TNF-α. In turn, Th2 cytokine levels in the study group were slightly higher (Il-9, Il-13), significantly higher (Il4, p = 0.015; Il-5, p = 0.0003) or showed no differences with the control group (Il-10). Slightly lower concentration involved only TGF-β1. Analysis of the correlation between levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines resulted in some discrepancies, without showing predominance of a specific immune response. The results did not confirm that women with missed miscarriage had an advantage in any type of immune response in comparison to women with normal pregnancy.

scholarly journals Functional, inflammatory and interstitial impairment due to artificial stone dust ultrafine particles exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 875-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Ophir ◽  
Amir Bar Shai ◽  
Rafi Korenstein ◽  
Mordechai R Kramer ◽  
Elizabeth Fireman
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Stone Dust ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Artificial Stone

ObjectiveArtificial stone dust (ASD) contains high levels of ultrafine particles (UFP <1 µm) which penetrate deeply into the lungs. This study aimed to demonstrate the direct effect of UFP in the lungs of ASD-exposed workers on functional inflammatory and imaging parameters.Methods68 workers with up to 20 years of ASD exposure at the workplace were recruited from small enterprises throughout the country and compared with 48 non-exposed individuals. Pulmonary function test (PFT), CT, induced sputum (IS) and cytokine analyses were performed by conventional methods. The CT scans were evaluated for features indicative of silicosis in three zones of each lung. UFP were quantitated by the NanoSight LM20 system (NanoSight, Salisbury) using the Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by Luminex (R&D Systems).ResultsThirty-four patients had CT scores between 0 and 42, and 29 of them were diagnosed with silicosis. Content of the UFP retrieved from IS supernatants correlated negatively with the PFT results (total lung capacity r=−0.347, p=0.011; forced expiratory volume in 1 s r=−0.299, p=0.046; diffusion lung carbon monoxide in a single breath r=−0.425, p=0.004) and with the CT score (r=0.378, p=0.023), and with the inflammatory cytokines IL-8 (r=0.336, p=0.024), IL-6 (r=0.294, p=0.065) and TNF-α (r=0.409, p=0.007). Raw material of ASD was left to sedimentate in water for <15 min, and 50% of the floating particles were UFP. A cut-off of 8×106 UFP/mL in IS samples had a sensitivity of 77% to predict pulmonary disease.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration of an association between UFP-related decreased PFT results, worsening of CT findings and elevation of inflammatory cytokines, which may be attributed to high-dose inhalation of UFP of ASD at the workplace.

Cutaneous glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in antidepressant-resistant depression

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER FITZGERALD ◽  
SINEAD M. O'BRIEN ◽  
PAUL SCULLY ◽  
KIM RIJKERS ◽  
LUCINDA V. SCOTT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Topical Steroid ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Resistant Depression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Background. There is evidence to indicate that peripheral glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function is reduced in major depression, and a possible molecular explanation for this is the impact of raised pro-inflammatory cytokines. The topical steroid vasoconstriction assay provides a convenient probe of peripheral GR function. The present study sought to assess the sensitivity of peripheral GRs in antidepressant-resistant major depressives and investigate the association between GR sensitivity and circulating plasma cytokines.Method. Nineteen antidepressant-resistant depressives together with age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent the steroid vasoconstriction assay using three commercial preparations of corticosteroids containing clobetasol propionate 0·05%, betamethasone valerate 0·1%, and clobetasone butyrate 0·05%, corresponding to very potent, potent, and moderately potent steroid creams respectively. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The severity of the depressive episode was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD).Results. Depressed subjects had a significantly reduced vasoconstriction response across all three strengths of steroid. They also had significantly higher concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6. There was a significant inverse correlation between TNF-α concentration and vasoconstriction response and also between the HAMD score and vasoconstriction response.Conclusions. These findings suggest that cutaneous GR function is abnormal in antidepressant-resistant depression, that circulating TNF-α may play a significant role in this abnormality and that the efficacy of topical steroids in antidepressant-resistant depressives is reduced.

scholarly journals The FcγRIII Engagement Augments PMA-Stimulated Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Formation by Granulocytes Partially via Cross-Talk between Syk-ERK-NF-κB and PKC-ROS Signaling Pathways

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hsun Lu ◽  
Ko-Jen Li ◽  
Cheng-Han Wu ◽  
Chieh-Yu Shen ◽  
Yu-Min Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant white blood cell in the circulation capable of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation after stimulation. Both NADPH oxidase-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in NET formation. The IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in human serum. However, the impact of the circulating IgG on NET formation is totally unexplored. In this study, the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced mature granulocytes (dHL-60) were pre-treated with monomeric human IgG, papain-digested Fab fragment, crystallizable IgG Fc portion, rituximab (a human IgG1), or IgG2. The NET formation of the dHL-60 in the presence/absence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation was then measured by the fluorescent area after SYTOX green nucleic acid stain. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by flow cytometry. Total and phosphorylated Syk, SHP-1, and ERK were detected by immunoblot. We found that human monomeric IgG and its subclasses IgG1 and IgG2 per se induced negligible NET formation of dHL-60, but the FcγRIII engagement by these IgG subclasses and Fc portion augment PMA-stimulated dHL-60 NET formation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that increased Syk and ERK phosphorylation, intracellular ROS generation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, production could be induced after FcγRIII engagement. Blocking FcγRIII engagement by a specific antibody diminished the augmented NET formation. In conclusion, we discovered that cross-talk between FcγRIII engagement-induced Syk-ERK and PMA-induced PKC signaling pathways augment NET formation of dHL-60 via increased ROS generation and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, production.

scholarly journals Changes of Dry Eye Related Markers and Tear Inflammatory Cytokines After Upper Blepharoplasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songjiao Zhao ◽  
Nan Song ◽  
Lan Gong
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Upper Blepharoplasty

Objectives: To investigate the changes of dry eye-related clinical manifestations, ocular surface parameters, and tear inflammatory cytokines after upper blepharoplasty.Methods: Forty eyes of 20 who underwent upper blepharoplasty were divided into either the group with or the group without preexisting dry eye before upper blepharoplasty. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Schirmer I test, tear meniscus height, lipid layer thickness, non-invasive tear break-up time (NIKBUT), fluorescein tear film break-up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, meibum expression, lid margin changes, and tear inflammatory cytokines were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Correlations between inflammatory cytokines and dry eye-related parameters were determined.Results: The OSDI scores increased significantly at 1 month (p = 0.040) and subsequently decreased to the preoperative levels at 6 months postoperatively in subjects with dry eye. First (f)-NIKBUT and FBUT were significantly shortened at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively in subjects with dry eye (f-NIKBUT: p &lt;0.001, p = 0.010, p = 0.042; FBUT: p = 0.002, p = 0.005, p = 0.037, respectively), but were only shortened at 1 month (p = 0.028, p = 0.005) and returned to baseline levels at 6 months postoperatively in subjects without preexisting dry eye. A significant increasing trend of interleukin (IL)-6 was found in both dry eye and subjects without preexisting dry eye (p = 0.016, p = 0.008), while IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were only found to be increased in subjects with dry eye postoperatively (p = 0.031, p = 0.031). The levels of IL-8 and TNF-α were positively correlated with OSDI scores (p = 0.046, p = 0.043, respectively) and negatively correlated with f-NIKBUT and FBUT (p = 0.026, p = 0.006, respectively).Conclusions: Upper blepharoplasty might increase the release of tear inflammatory cytokines and tear film instability that contribute to the development of postoperative dry eye in the early postoperative period and the changes most relieved in 6 months. Preexisting dry eye is a higher risk factor for worse and persistent ocular surface damage after upper blepharoplasty.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Response to Transmitted/Founder and Nontransmitted Variants of HIV-1

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Ari Schwartz ◽  
Hongliang Zhang ◽  
Zachary Ende ◽  
Martin J. Deymier ◽  
Terry Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection often arises from a single transmitted/founder (TF) viral variant among a large pool of viruses in the quasispecies in the transmitting partner. TF variants are typically nondominant in blood and genital secretions, indicating that they have unique traits. The plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) is the primary alpha interferon (IFN-α)-producing cell in response to viral infections and is rapidly recruited to the female genital tract upon exposure to HIV-1. The impact of pDCs on transmission is unknown. We investigated whether evasion of pDC responses is a trait of TF viruses. pDCs from healthy donors were stimulated in vitro with a panel of 20 HIV-1 variants, consisting of one TF variant and three nontransmitted (NT) variants each from five transmission-linked donor pairs, and secretion of IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No significant differences in cytokine secretion in response to TF and NT viruses were observed, despite a trend toward enhanced IFN-α and TNF-α production in response to TF viruses. NT viruses demonstrated polarization toward production of either IFN-α or TNF-α, indicating possible dysregulation. Also, for NT viruses, IFN-α secretion was associated with increased resistance of the virus to inactivation by IFN-α in vitro, suggesting in vivo evolution. Thus, TF viruses do not appear to preferentially subvert pDC activation compared to that with nontransmitted HIV-1 variants. pDCs may, however, contribute to the in vivo evolution of HIV-1. IMPORTANCE The plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) is the first cell type recruited to the site of HIV-1 exposure; however, its contribution to the viral bottleneck in HIV-1 transmission has not been explored previously. We hypothesized that transmitted/founder viruses are able to avoid the pDC response. In this study, we used previously established donor pair-linked transmitted/founder and nontransmitted (or chronic) variants of HIV-1 to stimulate pDCs. Transmitted/founder HIV-1, instead of suppressing pDC responses, induced IFN-α and TNF-α secretion to levels comparable to those induced by viruses from the transmitting partner. We noted several unique traits of chronic viruses, including polarization between IFN-α and TNF-α production as well as a strong relationship between IFN-α secretion and the resistance of the virus to neutralization. These data rule out the possibility that TF viruses preferentially suppress pDCs in comparison to the pDC response to nontransmitted HIV variants. pDCs may, however, be important drivers of viral evolution in vivo.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles from Equine Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Enhance the Survival of Injured Chondrocytes

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1723
Author(s):  
Ki Hoon Kim ◽  
Tae Sub Park ◽  
Byung-Wook Cho ◽  
Tae Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Joint Diseases ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Fetal Bone ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Bone Marrow Derived Cells ◽  
Degenerative Joint Diseases

Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can play a restorative role against degenerative joint diseases in horses. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fetal bone marrow-derived cells (BMC)-derived nanoparticles (BMC-NPs) can stimulate the survival of equine chondrocytes. Equine fetal BMCs were isolated and characterized, and the role of BMC-NPs s in equine chondrocytes undergoing inflammatory cell death was examined. BMCs have several characteristics, such as the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteocytes. Additionally, BMCs expressed immunoregulatory genes in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). We found that BMC-NPs were taken up by equine chondrocytes. Functionally, BMC-NPs promoted the growth of chondrocytes, and reduced apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we observed that BMC-NPs upregulated the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in the presence of IL-1β, and reduced the phosphorylation of TNF-α-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the chondrocytes. Cumulatively, our study demonstrated that equine fetal BMC-NPs have the potential to stimulate the survival of chondrocytes damaged by inflammatory cytokines. Thus, BMC-NPs may become an alternative cell-free allogenic therapeutic for degenerative joint diseases in horses.

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