scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Players in the Interplay between Adipose Tissue and Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Francesca Reggiani ◽  
Paolo Falvo ◽  
Francesco Bertolini
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Adipose Cells

The incidence and severity of obesity are rising in most of the world. In addition to metabolic disorders, obesity is associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of a variety of types of cancer, including breast cancer (BC). The bidirectional interaction between BC and adipose cells has been deeply investigated, although the molecular and cellular players involved in these mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated. Here, we review the current knowledge on these interactions and describe how preclinical research might be used to clarify the effects of obesity over BC progression and morbidity, with particular attention paid to promising therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Infant Adiposity at Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Manoja P. Herath ◽  
Jeffrey M. Beckett ◽  
Andrew P. Hills ◽  
Nuala M. Byrne ◽  
Kiran D. K. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Exposure to untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, and increased adiposity in GDM-exposed infants is suggested as a plausible mediator of this increased risk of later-life metabolic disorders. Evidence is equivocal regarding the impact of good glycaemic control in GDM mothers on infant adiposity at birth. We systematically reviewed studies reporting fat mass (FM), percent fat mass (%FM) and skinfold thicknesses (SFT) at birth in infants of mothers with GDM controlled with therapeutic interventions (IGDMtr). While treating GDM lowered FM in newborns compared to no treatment, there was no difference in FM and SFT according to the type of treatment (insulin, metformin, glyburide). IGDMtr had higher overall adiposity (mean difference, 95% confidence interval) measured with FM (68.46 g, 29.91 to 107.01) and %FM (1.98%, 0.54 to 3.42) but similar subcutaneous adiposity measured with SFT, compared to infants exposed to normal glucose tolerance (INGT). This suggests that IGDMtr may be characterised by excess fat accrual in internal adipose tissue. Given that intra-abdominal adiposity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, future studies should distinguish adipose tissue distribution of IGDMtr and INGT.

scholarly journals Deciphering Adipose Tissue Extracellular Vesicles Protein Cargo and Its Role in Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9366
Author(s):  
Tamara Camino ◽  
Nerea Lago-Baameiro ◽  
Aurelio Martis-Sueiro ◽  
Iván Couto ◽  
Francisco Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Intracellular Proteins ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
And Function

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in metabolic disorders rising as an alternative way of paracrine/endocrine communication. In particular, in relation to adipose tissue (AT) secreted EVs, the current knowledge about its composition and function is still very limited. Nevertheless, those vesicles have been lately suggested as key players in AT communication at local level, and also with other metabolic peripheral and central organs participating in physiological homoeostasis, and also contributing to the metabolic deregulation related to obesity, diabetes, and associated comorbidities. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant data around the EVs secreted by adipose tissue, and especially in the context of obesity, focusing in its protein cargo. The description of the most frequent proteins identified in EVs shed by AT and its components, including their changes under pathological status, will give the reader a whole picture about the membrane/antigens, and intracellular proteins known so far, in an attempt to elucidate functional roles, and also suggesting biomarkers and new paths of therapeutic action.

The regulation of oestrogen biosynthesis in human adipose tissue

1989 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
E. R. Simpson ◽  
C. R. Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Phorbol Esters ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Cdna Insert ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Adipose Cells

SynopsisThe enzyme complex responsible for the conversion of androgens to oestrogens is called aromatase. This enzyme is expressed in a number of tissue sites, including granulosa cells, placenta, hypothalamus and adipose. Oestrogen formation in adipose tissue has been implicated in the aetiology of endometrial and breast cancer. Aromatase comprises two components: a member of the cytochrome P-450 gene family known as aromatase cytochrome P-450, and a flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. We have recently obtained a full-length cDNA insert encoding human aromatase cytochrome P-450 and have expressed it in COSI monkey kidney tumour cells. The resulting transcript encodes a protein which is capable of converting androstenedione, testosterone and 16α-hydroxyandrostenedione to the corresponding oestrogens. Furthermore, characterisation of the aromatase cytochrome P-450 gene indicates that in humans there is only one such gene, which spans about 30kb and has at least nine exons. From these results we conclude that there is only one aromatase enzyme in humans. Study of the expression of this enzyme in human adipose stromal cells indicates that it is subject to regulation by a number of factors including cAMP, phorbol esters, and the growth factors, EGF, TGF-α, TGF-β, TNF and 1Lβ. Since several of these growth factors are produced by breast cancer cells in response to oestrogens, the possibility exists for paracrine and autocrine feedback loops within the breast, in which the growth of a tumour is regulated by oestrogen produced locally in the adipose cells of the surrounding tissue, and this in turn is regulated by the growth factors produced by the tumour as a result of oestrogen action.

scholarly journals Local Biomarkers Involved in the Interplay between Obesity and Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6286
Author(s):  
Jonas Busk Holm ◽  
Ann H. Rosendahl ◽  
Signe Borgquist
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Aromatase Activity ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Breast Adipose Tissue ◽  
Breast Adipose ◽  
Inflammatory State

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, which is the most common cancer in women worldwide (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). Furthermore, breast cancer patients with obesity have an impaired prognosis. Adipose tissue is abundant in the breast. Therefore, breast cancer develops in an adipose-rich environment. During obesity, changes in the local environment in the breast occur which are associated with breast cancer. A shift towards a pro-inflammatory state is seen, resulting in altered levels of cytokines and immune cells. Levels of adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin, are changed. Aromatase activity rises, resulting in higher levels of potent estrogen in the breast. Lastly, remodeling of the extracellular matrix takes place. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the changes in the breast adipose tissue in obesity associated with breast cancer initiation and progression. We aim to identify obesity-associated biomarkers in the breast involved in the interplay between obesity and breast cancer. Hereby, we can improve identification of women with obesity with an increased risk of breast cancer and an impaired prognosis. Studies investigating mammary adipocytes and breast adipose tissue in women with obesity versus women without obesity are, however, sparse and further research is needed.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes and Breast Cancer: The Interplay between Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Oxidant Stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Ferroni ◽  
Silvia Riondino ◽  
Oreste Buonomo ◽  
Raffaele Palmirotta ◽  
Fiorella Guadagni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Altered Glucose

Metabolic disorders, especially type 2 diabetes and its associated complications, represent a growing public health problem. Epidemiological findings indicate a close relationship between diabetes and many types of cancer (including breast cancer risk), which regards not only the dysmetabolic condition, but also its underlying risk factors and therapeutic interventions. This review discusses the advances in understanding of the mechanisms linking metabolic disorders and breast cancer. Among the proposed mechanisms to explain such an association, a major role is played by the dysregulated glucose metabolism, which concurs with a chronic proinflammatory condition and an associated oxidative stress to promote tumour initiation and progression. As regards the altered glucose metabolism, hyperinsulinaemia, both endogenous due to insulin-resistance and drug-induced, appears to promote tumour cell growth through the involvement of innate immune activation, platelet activation, increased reactive oxygen species, exposure to protumorigenic and proangiogenic cytokines, and increased substrate availability to neoplastic cells. In this context, understanding the relationship between metabolic disorders and cancer is becoming imperative, and an accurate analysis of these associations could be used to identify biomarkers able to predict disease risk and/or prognosis and to help in the choice of proper evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic protocols.

scholarly journals Brown Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity, Energy Metabolism, and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Babaji Shinde ◽  
Anying Song ◽  
Qiong A. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Homeostasis

Brown adipocyte in brown adipose tissue (BAT) specializes in expending energy through non-shivering thermogenesis, a process that produces heat either by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) dependent uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration or by UCP1 independent mechanisms. Apart from this, there is ample evidence suggesting that BAT has an endocrine function. Studies in rodents point toward its vital roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis, making it an important therapeutic target for treating metabolic disorders related to morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rediscovery of thermogenically active BAT depots in humans by several independent research groups in the last decade has revitalized interest in BAT as an even more promising therapeutic intervention. Over the last few years, there has been overwhelming interest in understanding brown adipocyte’s developmental lineages and how brown adipocyte uniquely utilizes energy beyond UCP1 mediated uncoupling respiration. These new discoveries would be leveraged for designing novel therapeutic interventions for metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals Obesity, Leptin and Breast Cancer: Epidemiological Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Andò ◽  
Luca Gelsomino ◽  
Salvatore Panza ◽  
Cinzia Giordano ◽  
Daniela Bonofiglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Total Adipose Tissue ◽  
Excessive Adiposity ◽  
Risk Prognosis

The prevalence of obesity has been steadily increasing over the past few decades in several developed and developing countries, with resultant hazardous health implications. Substantial epidemiological evidence has shown that excessive adiposity strongly influences risk, prognosis, and progression of various malignancies, including breast cancer. Indeed, it is now well recognized that obesity is a complex physiologic state associated with multiple molecular changes capable of modulating the behavior of breast tumor cells as well of the surrounding microenvironment. Particularly, insulin resistance, hyperactivation of insulin-like growth factor pathways, and increased levels of estrogen due to aromatization by the adipose tissue, inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines contribute to breast cancerogenesis. Among adipokines, leptin, whose circulating levels increase proportionally to total adipose tissue mass, has been identified as a key member of the molecular network in obesity. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiological link existing between obesity and breast cancer and outlines the molecular mechanisms underlying this connection. The multifaceted role of the obesity adipokine leptin in this respect is also discussed.

Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders: Advances in Therapeutic Interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash ◽  
Fareeha Fiayyaz ◽  
Kanwal Rehman ◽  
Shakila Sabir ◽  
Muhammad Hidayat Rasool
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions

BREAST CANCER SCREENING: CURRENT ACHIEVEMENTS, FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-671
Author(s):  
Ilya Pyatnitskiy ◽  
O. Puchkova ◽  
Viktor Gombolevskiy ◽  
Lyudmila Nizovtsova ◽  
Natalya Vetsheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cochrane Library

The article presents a literature review of the PubMed database and the Cochrane library, aimed at analyzing the current situation and problems in the field of breast cancer screening in the world and Russia to form an idea of the key elements in organizing an effective screening program in the Russian healthcare system, as well as the possibilities of using new technologies when organizing such programs.

Beneficiary and Adverse Effects of Phytoestrogens: A Potential Constituent of Plant Based Diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridevi Vaadala ◽  
Naveen Ponneri ◽  
Venkat Shashank Karnam ◽  
Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru ◽  
Mohammed Arifullah
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Derivatives Of

Background: Phytoestrogens are non-endocrine, non-steroidal secondary derivatives of plants and consumed through plant-based diet also named as “dietary estrogens”. The major sources of phytoestrogens are soy and soy-based foods, flax seed, chickpeas, green beans, dairy products, etc. The dietary inclusion of phytoestrogen based foods play a crucial role in the maintenance of metabolic syndrome cluster including obesity, diabetes, blood pressure, cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, postmenopausal ailments and their complications. In recent days, phytoestrogens are the preferred molecules for hormone replacement therapy. On the other hand, they act as endocrine disruptors via estrogen receptor mediated pathways. These effects are not restricted to adult males or females and identified even in development. Objective: Since phytoestrogenic occurrence is high at daily meal for most people from all over the world, they focused to study for its beneficiary effects towards developing pharmaceutical drugs for treating various metabolic disorders by keeping an eye on endocrine disruption. Conclusion: The present review emphasizes the pros and cons of phytoestrogens on human health, which may help to direct the pharmaceutical industry to produce various phytoestrongen based drugs against various metabolic disorders.

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