scholarly journals Deciphering Adipose Tissue Extracellular Vesicles Protein Cargo and Its Role in Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9366
Author(s):  
Tamara Camino ◽  
Nerea Lago-Baameiro ◽  
Aurelio Martis-Sueiro ◽  
Iván Couto ◽  
Francisco Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Intracellular Proteins ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
And Function

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in metabolic disorders rising as an alternative way of paracrine/endocrine communication. In particular, in relation to adipose tissue (AT) secreted EVs, the current knowledge about its composition and function is still very limited. Nevertheless, those vesicles have been lately suggested as key players in AT communication at local level, and also with other metabolic peripheral and central organs participating in physiological homoeostasis, and also contributing to the metabolic deregulation related to obesity, diabetes, and associated comorbidities. The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant data around the EVs secreted by adipose tissue, and especially in the context of obesity, focusing in its protein cargo. The description of the most frequent proteins identified in EVs shed by AT and its components, including their changes under pathological status, will give the reader a whole picture about the membrane/antigens, and intracellular proteins known so far, in an attempt to elucidate functional roles, and also suggesting biomarkers and new paths of therapeutic action.

scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Players in the Interplay between Adipose Tissue and Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Francesca Reggiani ◽  
Paolo Falvo ◽  
Francesco Bertolini
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Adipose Cells

The incidence and severity of obesity are rising in most of the world. In addition to metabolic disorders, obesity is associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of a variety of types of cancer, including breast cancer (BC). The bidirectional interaction between BC and adipose cells has been deeply investigated, although the molecular and cellular players involved in these mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated. Here, we review the current knowledge on these interactions and describe how preclinical research might be used to clarify the effects of obesity over BC progression and morbidity, with particular attention paid to promising therapeutic interventions.

Immune cells in adipose tissue: Key players in metabolic disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lolmède ◽  
C. Duffaut ◽  
A. Zakaroff-Girard ◽  
A. Bouloumié
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Key Players

Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Endocrinology ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cdna Sequences ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
And Function

<em>Abstract</em>.—This chapter summarizes reproduction and the latest findings on reproductive endocrinology in one of the only two living representatives of the most ancient lineage of vertebrates, agnathans. Modern vertebrates are classified into two major groups, the gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) and the agnathans (jawless vertebrates). The agnathans are classified into two groups, myxinoids (hagfishes) and petromyzonids (lampreys), while the gnathostomes constitute all the other living vertebrates, including the bony and cartilaginous fishes and the tetrapods. During the past two decades, there have been rapid advances in our knowledge of the structure and function of reproductive hormones in lamprey. Lampreys are the earliest evolved vertebrates for which there are demonstrated functional roles for two (possibly three) gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) that act via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controlling reproductive processes. From our structural and functional studies, we have determined the primary amino acid and cDNA sequences of two forms of GnRH, lamprey GnRH-I and -III, one GnRH receptor, and one gonadotropin-beta (GTH-b) hormone. Since 2006, with the availability of the lamprey genome, we have identified an additional GnRH isoform (lamprey GnRH-II) and two glycoprotein hormone receptors (one gonadotropic-like and one thyrotropic-like). The high conservation of these hormones and their receptors throughout vertebrate species makes the lamprey model highly appropriate for examining the neuroendocrine system. Here, we present a summary on our current knowledge of reproductive endocrinology in these basal vertebrates.

scholarly journals Shedding Light on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Infection and Wound Healing

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aseel Alqatawni ◽  
Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma ◽  
Beatrice Attilus ◽  
Mudit Tyagi ◽  
Rene Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Post Entry ◽  
And Function

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication. They are naturally released from cells into the extracellular environment. Based on their biogenesis, release pathways, size, content, and function, EVs are classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). Previous research has documented that EVs, specifically exosomes and MVs, play an important role in HIV infection, either by promoting HIV infection and pathogenesis or by inhibiting HIV-1 to a certain extent. We have also previously reported that EVs (particularly exosomes) from vaginal fluids inhibit HIV at the post-entry step (i.e., reverse transcription, integration). Besides the role that EVs play in HIV, they are also known to regulate the process of wound healing by regulating both the immune and inflammatory responses. It is noted that during the advanced stages of HIV infection, patients are at greater risk of wound-healing and wound-related complications. Despite ongoing research, the data on the actual effects of EVs in HIV infection and wound healing are still premature. This review aimed to update the current knowledge about the roles of EVs in regulating HIV pathogenesis and wound healing. Additionally, we highlighted several avenues of EV involvement in the process of wound healing, including coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Understanding the role of EVs in HIV infection and wound healing could significantly contribute to the development of new and potent antiviral therapeutic strategies and approaches to resolve impaired wounds in HIV patients.

Leptin, a mediator of cardiac damage associated with obesity

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Martínez-Martínez ◽  
R. Jurado-López ◽  
P. Cervantes-Escalera ◽  
V. Cachofeiro ◽  
M. Miana
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Systemic Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Damage ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function

AbstractObesity and excess of adipose tissue are associated with the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. At the cardiac level, various morphological adaptations in cardiac structure and function occur in obese individuals. Different mechanisms linking obesity to these modifications have been postulated. Adipose tissue and epicardial fat releases a large number of cytokines and bioactive mediators such as leptin. Leptin circulates in proportion to body fat mass, thus serving as a satiety signal and informing central metabolic control centers as to the status of peripheral energy stores. It participates in numerous other functions both peripherally and centrally, as indicated by the wide distribution of leptin and the different isoforms of its receptor in different tissues including the heart. This hormone has distinct effects on the reproductive, cardiovascular, and immune systems; however, its role in the heart could mediate wide physiological effects observed in obese individuals. Oxidative stress is associated with obesity and may be considered to be a unifying mechanism in the development of obesity-related comorbidities. It has been reported that obesity may induce systemic oxidative stress; in turn, oxidative stress is associated with an irregular production of adipokines. We herein review the current knowledge of cardiac effects of leptin and the possible mechanisms that are involved, including oxidative stress that plays a major role in the development of cardiovascular damage.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Cervical Cancer and HPV Infection

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Víctor Acevedo-Sánchez ◽  
Ruth M. Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Sergio R. Aguilar-Ruíz ◽  
Honorio Torres-Aguilar ◽  
María de los A. Romero-Tlalolini
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oncogenic Protein

Since their description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown growing relevance in cancer progression. These cell structures contain and transfer molecules such as nucleic acids (including DNA and RNA), proteins, and lipids. Despite the rising information about EVs’ relationship with cancer, there is still scarce evidence about their content and function in cervical cancer. Interestingly, the composition and purposes of some cellular molecules and the expression of oncogenic proteins packaged in EVs seem modified in HPV-infected cells; and, although only the E6 oncogenic protein has been detected in exosomes from HPV-positive cells, both E6/E7 oncogenes mRNA has been identified in EVs; however, their role still needs to be clarified. Given that EVs internalizing into adjacent or distant cells could modify their cellular behavior or promote cancer-associated events like apoptosis, proliferation, migration, or angiogenesis in receptor cells, their comprehensive study will reveal EV-associated mechanisms in cervical cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge in composition and functions of cervical cancer and HPV Infection-derived EVs.

scholarly journals Recent advances and future avenues in understanding the role of adipose tissue cross talk in mediating skeletal muscle mass and function with ageing

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wilhelmsen ◽  
Kostas Tsintzas ◽  
Simon W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function

AbstractSarcopenia, broadly defined as the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass, quality, and function, is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and an increased likelihood of adverse health outcomes. The regulation of skeletal muscle mass with ageing is complex and necessitates a delicate balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. The secretion and transfer of cytokines, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), both discretely and within extracellular vesicles, have emerged as important communication channels between tissues. Some of these factors have been implicated in regulating skeletal muscle mass, function, and pathologies and may be perturbed by excessive adiposity. Indeed, adipose tissue participates in a broad spectrum of inter-organ communication and obesity promotes the accumulation of macrophages, cellular senescence, and the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Pertinently, age-related sarcopenia has been reported to be more prevalent in obesity; however, such effects are confounded by comorbidities and physical activity level. In this review, we provide evidence that adiposity may exacerbate age-related sarcopenia and outline some emerging concepts of adipose-skeletal muscle communication including the secretion and processing of novel myokines and adipokines and the role of extracellular vesicles in mediating inter-tissue cross talk via lncRNAs and miRNAs in the context of sarcopenia, ageing, and obesity. Further research using advances in proteomics, transcriptomics, and techniques to investigate extracellular vesicles, with an emphasis on translational, longitudinal human studies, is required to better understand the physiological significance of these factors, the impact of obesity upon them, and their potential as therapeutic targets in combating muscle wasting.

scholarly journals Perivascular adipose tissue: more than just structural support

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Szasz ◽  
R. Clinton Webb
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Biology ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
And Function

PVAT (perivascular adipose tissue) has recently been recognized as a novel factor in vascular biology, with implications in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Composed mainly of adipocytes, PVAT releases a wide range of biologically active molecules that modulate vascular smooth muscle cell contraction, proliferation and migration. PVAT exerts an anti-contractile effect in various vascular beds which seems to be mediated by an as yet elusive PVRF [PVAT-derived relaxing factor(s)]. Considerable progress has been made on deciphering the nature and mechanisms of action of PVRF, and the PVRFs proposed until now are reviewed here. However, complex pathways seem to regulate PVAT function and more than one mechanism is probably responsible for PVAT actions in vascular biology. The present review describes our current knowledge on the structure and function of PVAT, with a focus on its role in modulating vascular tone. Potential involvements of PVAT dysfunction in obesity, hypertension and atherosclerosis will be highlighted.

scholarly journals Bone marrow fat: friend or foe in people with diabetes mellitus?

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Santopaolo ◽  
Yue Gu ◽  
Gaia Spinetti ◽  
Paolo Madeddu
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Marrow Fat ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
And Function

Abstract Global trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity put the adipocyte in the focus of huge medical interest. This review highlights a new topic in adipose tissue biology, namely the emerging pathogenic role of fat accumulation in bone marrow (BM). Specifically, we summarize current knowledge about the origin and function of BM adipose tissue (BMAT), provide evidence for the association of excess BMAT with diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to correct BMAT dysfunction. There is still a significant uncertainty about the origins and function of BMAT, although several subpopulations of stromal cells have been suggested to have an adipogenic propensity. BM adipocytes are higly plastic and have a distinctive capacity to secrete adipokines that exert local and endocrine functions. BM adiposity is abundant in elderly people and has therefore been interpreted as a component of the whole-body ageing process. BM senescence and BMAT accumulation has been also reported in patients and animal models with Type 2 diabetes, being more pronounced in those with ischaemic complications. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for excess and altered function of BMAT could lead to new treatments able to preserve whole-body homeostasis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document