scholarly journals Astroglial Connexin43 as a Potential Target for a Mood Stabiliser

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Motohiro Okada ◽  
Tomoka Oka ◽  
Misaki Nakamoto ◽  
Kouji Fukuyama ◽  
Takashi Shiroyama
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junction ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Monoamine Transporter ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Novel Strategy

Mood disorders remain a major public health concern worldwide. Monoaminergic hypotheses of pathophysiology of bipolar and major depressive disorders have led to the development of monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants for the treatment of major depression and have contributed to the expanded indications of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorders. In spite of psychopharmacological progress, current pharmacotherapy according to the monoaminergic hypothesis alone is insufficient to improve or prevent mood disorders. Recent approval of esketamine for treatment of treatment-resistant depression has attracted attention in psychopharmacology as a glutamatergic hypothesis of the pathophysiology of mood disorders. On the other hand, in the last decade, accumulated findings regarding the pathomechanisms of mood disorders emphasised that functional abnormalities of tripartite synaptic transmission play important roles in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. At first glance, the enhancement of astroglial connexin seems to contribute to antidepressant and mood-stabilising effects, but in reality, antidepressive and mood-stabilising actions are mediated by more complicated interactions associated with the astroglial gap junction and hemichannel. Indeed, several depressive mood-inducing stress stimulations suppress connexin43 expression and astroglial gap junction function, but enhance astroglial hemichannel activity. On the other hand, monoamine transporter-inhibiting antidepressants suppress astroglial hemichannel activity and enhance astroglial gap junction function, whereas several non-antidepressant mood stabilisers activate astroglial hemichannel activity. Based on preclinical findings, in this review, we summarise the effects of antidepressants, mood-stabilising antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants on astroglial connexin, and then, to establish a novel strategy for treatment of mood disorders, we reveal the current progress in psychopharmacology, changing the question from “what has been revealed?” to “what should be clarified?”.

Epidemiology of mood disorders

2012 ◽  
pp. 645-650
Author(s):  
Peter R. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The World ◽  
Unipolar Major Depression

The Global Burden of Disease, which is a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases and injuries in 1990 and projected to 2020, highlights the importance of mood disorders for the world. Using the measure of disability-adjusted life years, it was determined that unipolar major depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden in the world. It was also projected that, in the year 2020, unipolar major depression would be the second leading cause of disease burden in the world. Disabilityadjusted life years is based on both mortality and disability. If one looks at disability alone, then unipolar major depression was the leading cause of disability in the world in 1990, and bipolar disorder was the sixth leading cause. Across the world, 10.7 per cent of disability can be attributed to unipolar major depression and, in developed countries, unipolar major depression contributes to nearly 20 per cent of disease burden in women aged from 15 to 44 years. This chapter addresses bipolar disorders and depressive disorders, covering diagnostic issues, prevalence, comorbidity, use of health services, and risk factors for both types of disorder.

Mood Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 322-325
Author(s):  
Simon Kung
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual

Mood disorders—depressive and bipolar disorders—are the second most common set of psychiatric disorders, behind anxiety disorders. The lifetime prevalence of any mood disorder in US adults is approximately 20%, and the 12-month prevalence is approximately 10%. Although depressive disorders and bipolar disorder have been split into 2 chapters in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition), the criteria have stayed the same as in its Fourth Edition, Text Revision while the terminology has changed slightly.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DEPRESSION ON PRODUCTIVITY AMONG THE YOUTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Blessing Okpe ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Low Mood ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Psychological Maturity ◽  
Future Leaders

Youth can only achieve meaningful social and psychological maturity if he or she is able to master the successful roles expected of him/her at different stages of life. Maturity and responsibility lead to productivity that will be of benefit to the youth and society. Depression is one of the major mood disorders; it is associated with a pervasive feeling of sadness/low mood, lack of interest and engagement in previously pleasurable activities and reduction in energy or feeling of weakness. The youth suffering from depressive reactions, on the other hand, is an unhappy individual with a pessimistic outlook on life, vulnerable to threats and even minor frustrations, which may bring along increased feelings of depression and low productivity. The belief that youths are the leaders of tomorrow is still strongly held in our societies. As future leaders, youth can only actualize the goal of maintaining national stability, integration, and productivity if they can successfully surmount the academic, social and psychological challenges confronting their present stage of life development. This paper discussed the causes of depression, the effects of depression on productivity and a way forward.

Mood disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh Kamath ◽  
Ajay Shah
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Correctional Setting ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Correctional Settings

Depression and Bipolar Disorder comprise a substantial percentage of all psychiatric care in the community. This is also the case in correctional settings. Diagnosis and treatment may vary in multiple ways, given the context and characteristics of jails and prisons. Reassessment of symptomatology at every visit, especially in the first few months of incarceration, enhances accurate diagnosis. The clinical presentation of many individuals at the time of incarceration is frequently confounded by substance withdrawal, adjustment issues, and other comorbidities. The clinical picture frequently evolves and allows improved accuracy over weeks to months. Decades of research conducted in the community and correctional settings have shown a close but controversial relationship between mood disorders, aggression, and criminality. This may be reflected in a substantially increased risk of multiple incarcerations as with the observation that inmates with bipolar disorders are 3.3 times more likely to have had four or more previous incarcerations compared with inmates who had no major psychiatric disorders. In terms of management risks, studies conducted with both genders in the correctional setting have shown a strong association between depression and near-lethal suicide attempts. Data reflect the importance of both psychotherapy and targeted, thoughtful medication management in the effective treatment of mood disorders. This chapter discusses the data and those characteristics, as well as core management, best-practice, and evidence based therapeutic approaches to the treatment of major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders in jails and prisons.

scholarly journals Saffron Extract-Induced Improvement of Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice Is Associated with Modulation of Monoaminergic Neurotransmission

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Camille Monchaux De Oliveira ◽  
Line Pourtau ◽  
Sylvie Vancassel ◽  
Camille Pouchieu ◽  
Lucile Capuron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Saffron Extract ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Improvement

Depressive disorders represent a major public health concern and display a continuously rising prevalence. Importantly, a large proportion of patients develops aversive side effects and/or does not respond properly to conventional antidepressants. These issues highlight the need to identify further therapeutic strategies, including nutritional approaches using natural plant extracts with known beneficial impacts on health. In that context, growing evidence suggests that saffron could be a particularly promising candidate. This preclinical study aimed therefore to test its antidepressant-like properties in mice and to decipher the underlying mechanisms by focusing on monoaminergic neurotransmission, due to its strong implication in mood disorders. For this purpose, the behavioral and neurobiochemical impact of a saffron extract, Safr’Inside™ (6.5 mg/kg per os) was measured in naïve mice. Saffron extract reduced depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. This behavioral improvement was associated with neurobiological modifications, particularly changes in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, suggesting that Safr’Inside™ may share common targets with conventional pharmacological antidepressants. This study provides useful information on the therapeutic relevance of nutritional interventions with saffron extracts to improve management of mood disorders.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

The Nature of the Intramembrane Particle

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 688-691
Author(s):  
A.J. Verkleij
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fracture Face ◽  
Band 3 Protein ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Freeze Fracturing ◽  
Intramembrane Particle ◽  
Luminal Membrane

Freeze-fracturing splits membranes into two helves, thus allowing an examination of the membrane interior. The 5-10 rm particles visible on both monolayers are widely assumed to be proteinaceous in nature. Most membranes do not reveal impressions complementary to particles on the opposite fracture face, if the membranes are fractured under conditions without etching. Even if it is considered that shadowing, contamination or fracturing itself might obscure complementary pits', there is no satisfactory explanation why under similar physical circimstances matching halves of other membranes can be visualized. A prominent example of uncomplementarity is found in the erythrocyte manbrane. It is wall established that band 3 protein and possibly glycophorin represents these nonccmplanentary particles. On the other hand a number of membrane types show pits opposite the particles. Scme well known examples are the ";gap junction',"; tight junction, the luminal membrane of the bladder epithelial cells and the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

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