scholarly journals Defining Metaniches in the Oral Cavity According to Their Microbial Composition and Cytokine Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8218
Author(s):  
Corinna L. Seidel ◽  
Roman G. Gerlach ◽  
Patrick Wiedemann ◽  
Matthias Weider ◽  
Gabriele Rodrian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

The human oral microbiota consists of over 700 widespread taxa colonizing the oral cavity in several anatomically diverse oral niches. Lately, sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes has become an acknowledged, culture-independent method to characterize the oral microbiota. However, only a small amount of data are available concerning microbial differences between oral niches in periodontal health and disease. In the context of periodontitis, the cytokine expression in the gingival crevicular fluid has been studied in detail, whereas little is known about the cytokine profile in hard and soft tissue biofilms. In order to characterize oral niches in periodontal health, the oral microbiota and cytokine pattern were analyzed at seven different sites (plaque (P), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva (S), tongue (T), hard palate (HP), cheek (C) and sublingual area (U)) of 20 young adults using next-generation sequencing and multiplex immunoassays. Site-specific microbial compositions were detected, which clustered into three distinct metaniches (“P-GCF”, “S-T-HP” and “C-U”) and were associated with niche-/metaniche-specific cytokine profiles. Our findings allow the definition of distinct metaniches according to their microbial composition, partly reflected by their cytokine profile, and provide new insights into microenvironmental similarities between anatomical diverse oral niches.

scholarly journals Periodontal Health and Oral Microbiota in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Eriksson ◽  
Guozhong Fei ◽  
Anna Lundmark ◽  
Daniel Benchimol ◽  
Linkiat Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Severe Periodontitis ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

This study aimed to investigate the periodontal health of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in relation to oral microbiota, systemic and oral inflammatory mediators, and RA disease activity. Forty patients underwent full-mouth dental/periodontal and rheumatological examination, including collection of blood, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque. Composition of plaque and saliva microbiota were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing and levels of inflammatory mediators by multiplex-immunoassay. The majority of the patients (75%) had moderate or severe periodontitis and the rest had no/mild periodontitis. Anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) positivity was significantly more frequent in the moderate/severe periodontitis (86%) compared to the no/mild group (50%). No significance between groups was observed for RA disease duration or activity, or type of medication. Levels of sCD30/TNFRSF8, IFN-α2, IL-19, IL-26, MMP-1, gp130/sIL-6Rß, and sTNF-R1 were significantly higher in serum or GCF, and April/TNFSF13 was significantly higher in serum and saliva samples in moderate/severe periodontitis. The microbial composition in plaque also differed significantly between the two groups. In conclusion, the majority of RA patients had moderate/severe periodontitis and that this severe form of the disease was significantly associated with ACPA positivity, an altered subgingival microbial profile, and increased levels of systemic and oral inflammatory mediators.

Analysis of the Salivary Microbiome in the Periodontal Disease patients with hypertension and non-hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhua Li ◽  
Rexidan Zaker ◽  
Xueqian Chu ◽  
Reyida Asihati ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Differential Abundance ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Hypervariable Regions ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

Background: An improved comprehension of the oral microbiota function in the pathogenesis of disease will contribute to diagnosis and treatment for both hypertension and periodontal disease. In our study, a comparison of the salivary microbiome between hypertension and Non-hypertension cohorts was designed to reveal microbial signatures. <P> Methods: Patients were divided into four sub-groups: Gingivitis, Periodontitis (stage 2, 3 and 4). Then the hypertension and Non-hypertension cohorts were split into periodontal health and periodontitis subgroups. The salivary samples were processed for DNA extraction (n=246). The V3-V4 hypervariable regions of microbiome 16S rRNA genes were amplified. Finally, sequencing libraries was constructed and subjected them to bioinformatics and statistical analyses. <P> Results: The oral microbial diversity decreased in both hypertension and periodontal disease groups compared to the healthy. At the genus level, the diversity showed 100 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for differential abundance testing. The first trend showed OTUs decreased in relative abundance with increasing periodontal disease, and as well as hypertension groups and non-hypertensive. For this trend OTUs comprised a mix of primarily anaerobic commensals and potential acute diarrhea pathogens. The second trend was that the diversity of genera was decreased in hypertension relative to non-hypertension, including other anaerobic bacteria related with periodontal disease. <P> Conclusions: Microbiota diversity decreased in both hypertension and different stages of periodontal disease groups, however, Neisseria and Solobacterium genera increased in co-existing hypertension and periodontal disease. Obviously, these findings indicate that the abundance of genera continues to change due to additional stresses caused by co-existing conditions

scholarly journals Census of the Bacterial Community of the Gypsy Moth Larval Midgut by Using Culturing and Culture-Independent Methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichole A. Broderick ◽  
Kenneth F. Raffa ◽  
Robert M. Goodman ◽  
Jo Handelsman
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Larval Midgut ◽  
Culture Independent

ABSTRACT Little is known about bacteria associated with Lepidoptera, the large group of mostly phytophagous insects comprising the moths and butterflies. We inventoried the larval midgut bacteria of a polyphagous foliivore, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), whose gut is highly alkaline, by using traditional culturing and culture-independent methods. We also examined the effects of diet on microbial composition. Analysis of individual third-instar larvae revealed a high degree of similarity of microbial composition among insects fed on the same diet. DNA sequence analysis indicated that most of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes belong to the γ-Proteobacteria and low G+C gram-positive divisions and that the cultured members represented more than half of the phylotypes identified. Less frequently detected taxa included members of the α-Proteobacterium, Actinobacterium, and Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides divisions. The 16S rRNA gene sequences from 7 of the 15 cultured organisms and 8 of the 9 sequences identified by PCR amplification diverged from previously reported bacterial sequences. The microbial composition of midguts differed substantially among larvae feeding on a sterilized artificial diet, aspen, larch, white oak, or willow. 16S rRNA analysis of cultured isolates indicated that an Enterococcus species and culture-independent analysis indicated that an Entbacter sp. were both present in all larvae, regardless of the feeding substrate; the sequences of these two phylotypes varied less than 1% among individual insects. These results provide the first comprehensive description of the microbial diversity of a lepidopteran midgut and demonstrate that the plant species in the diet influences the composition of the gut bacterial community.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of Immunity to Oral Microbiota in Humans

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Smith ◽  
Martin A. Taubman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Salivary Iga ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Antibody Specificities ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

This article reviews the ontogeny of immune systems in the human oral cavity that may influence the colonization, accumulation, or pathogenesis of oral microbiota. The prenatal development of cellular components associated with the secretory immune system reveals that the initial organization of tissue into Peyer's patches can first be detected immunohistologically at 11 weeks gestation. Epithelial cells positive for secretory component and immunocytes positive for IgM can be detected in salivary gland tissue by 19 to 20 weeks and continue to predominate during gestation. After birth, immunocytes containing IgA begin to dominate. Essentially, no IgA can be detected in saliva at birth. However, salivary IgA and IgM often appear soon thereafter, presumably in response to environmental antigenic and mitogenic challenges. Salivary IgA in young infants has molecular characteristics of secretory IgA and becomes the quantitatively predominate Ig in saliva. Both IgA subclasses are present in proportions characteristic of adult pure glandular salivas in many 1- to 2-month-old infants, although the appearance of IgA2 is delayed in some subjects. Many innate, antibody, and cellular immune components are found in maternal colostrum and breast milk. The antibacterial properties of these maternal factors are diverse and can exert multifaceted protective effects on the infant's alimentary tract. The infant apparently can mount mucosal immune responses quite early in life. For example, salivary antibody activity to organisms that originally colonize the gut (e.g., E. coli) or the oral cavity (e.g., S. mitis, S. salivarius) can be detected by 1 to 2 months of age. Most of this antibody activity has characteristics of secretory IgA, although some IgM antibody can also be initially detected. Salivary IgAl and IgA2 antibody specificities to S. mitis and S. salivarius components increase qualitatively and quantitatively during the first few years of life. Salivary IgA antibody to components of streptococci that require hard surfaces for colonization (e.g., S. sanguis and mutans streptococci) generally appear after tooth eruption. The loss of placentally derived maternal IgG antibody specificities to these microbiota in the circulation is replaced by de novo synthesis, presumably as a result of the teething process. These IgG antibodies can enter the oral cavity in the gingival crevicular fluid and by the process of teething. The collective contributions in the oral cavity of innate and antibody-based immune elements from the saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (and milk if breast feeding) may be considered together with diet, infectious dose, salivary receptors, and tooth integuments, as factors that can determine the outcome of initial colonization events on erupting tooth surfaces.

scholarly journals 330 The use of lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase for oral health

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
Manabu Nakano ◽  
Miyuki Tanaka ◽  
Fumiaki Abe
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Test Group ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Malodor ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Abstract Lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are known as host defense factors in milk and saliva. LF has antibacterial and biofilm-inhibitory effects against periodontopathic bacteria. LPO catalyzes the formation of hypothiocyanite and exhibits bactericidal activity within a short time. Our research group developed LF- and LPO-containing powders, and examined their applications for oral hygiene. In this presentation, we review the clinical efficacies of LF- and LPO-containing tablets on oral malodor and oral microbiota in humans. We performed a randomized clinical trial to assess the effects of the single ingestion of LF- and LPO-containing tablets on malodor. The main components causing oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). Subjects with oral malodor ingested a test or placebo tablet in two crossover phases. The concentrations of total VSCs at 10 min after ingestion were significantly lower in the test group than in the placebo group. The effects of LF- and LPO-containing tablets on oral microbiota were also investigated. Elderly subjects ingested test or placebo tablets for 8 weeks. The test group exhibited a significant reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis compared with the placebo group. Microbiota analysis using next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that the LF- and LPO-containing tablets suppressed the relative abundance of periodontal bacteria, but not that of indigenous bacteria such as Streptococcus. Another trial suggested that the regular intake of LF- and LPO-containing tablets can improve gingival inflammation and oral health-related quality of life in healthy adults. Our findings suggest the potential of LF- and LPO-containing tablets as a daily treatment to maintain good oral health and prevent progression to periodontitis. We consider these effects of LF and LPO to also be applicable to pet food for oral health.

scholarly journals Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew I. Corbett ◽  
V. Leroy Leggitt ◽  
Nikola Angelov ◽  
Greg Olson ◽  
Joseph M. Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Bleeding On Probing ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Fixed Retainers

ABSTRACT Objective:  To compare the periodontal health of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth retained with two types of fixed retainers. Materials and Methods:  A fixed straight retainer (SR) group had 39 subjects, and a fixed wave retainer (WR) group had 35 subjects. Subjects were between the ages of 13 and 22 years and had been in fixed retention for 2 to 4 years. Pocket probing depths, bleeding on probing, plaque index, calculus index, recession, and gingival crevicular fluid volume were compared between the two retainer groups. A four-question oral hygiene survey was given to each subject. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher exact test was used to analyze the data. Results:  There was no clinically significant difference between the retainer groups regarding plaque index, gingival crevicular fluid volume, calculus index, recession, bleeding on probing, and pocket probing depths. A statistically significant increase in the reported frequency of flossing (P  =  .006) and ease of flossing (P &lt; .001) was associated with the WR group. There was no significant difference between the groups in reported frequency of brushing and comfort of the retainer. Conclusions:  Under the conditions of this study, no clinical difference was found in the periodontal health of anterior teeth retained with a SR or WR for a period of 2 to 4 years. Subjects in the WR group reported an increase in frequency and ease of flossing.

scholarly journals Nitrosative Stress Biomarkers in the Non-Stimulated and Stimulated Saliva, as well as Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis: Review and Clinical Study

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Toczewska ◽  
Tomasz Konopka ◽  
Anna Zalewska ◽  
Mateusz Maciejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gingival Fluid

Diagnosis of periodontopathy is complex and includes defining the cause, type, stage, and grade of periodontitis. Therefore, alternative diagnostic methods are sought to indicate the progression of inflammation or to determine the effectiveness of therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers can be particularly useful because they most likely reflect the disease process of the periodontal tissues. However, the difficulty of collecting GCF for testing is the reason for the limited use in diagnostics. Because periodontitis is the primary source of nitrogen free radicals in the oral cavity, the aim of the study was to evaluate the biomarkers of nitrosative stress (nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and S-nitrosothiols) in GCF, non-stimulated and stimulated saliva of 90 patients with periodontitis. The study group was divided into two subgroups, depending on the stage of the disease severity. We showed a significantly higher concentration of all assessed biomarkers in the non-stimulated and stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis. However, significant changes in GCF has been shown only for peroxynitrite. The studied biomarkers did not correlate with clinical periodontal status, which probably results from their short-duration activity and the impact on a few factors in the oral cavity. Saliva and gingival fluid are not very useful in the differential diagnosis of periodontitis.

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