scholarly journals Nitrosative Stress Biomarkers in the Non-Stimulated and Stimulated Saliva, as well as Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis: Review and Clinical Study

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Toczewska ◽  
Tomasz Konopka ◽  
Anna Zalewska ◽  
Mateusz Maciejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gingival Fluid

Diagnosis of periodontopathy is complex and includes defining the cause, type, stage, and grade of periodontitis. Therefore, alternative diagnostic methods are sought to indicate the progression of inflammation or to determine the effectiveness of therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers can be particularly useful because they most likely reflect the disease process of the periodontal tissues. However, the difficulty of collecting GCF for testing is the reason for the limited use in diagnostics. Because periodontitis is the primary source of nitrogen free radicals in the oral cavity, the aim of the study was to evaluate the biomarkers of nitrosative stress (nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and S-nitrosothiols) in GCF, non-stimulated and stimulated saliva of 90 patients with periodontitis. The study group was divided into two subgroups, depending on the stage of the disease severity. We showed a significantly higher concentration of all assessed biomarkers in the non-stimulated and stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis. However, significant changes in GCF has been shown only for peroxynitrite. The studied biomarkers did not correlate with clinical periodontal status, which probably results from their short-duration activity and the impact on a few factors in the oral cavity. Saliva and gingival fluid are not very useful in the differential diagnosis of periodontitis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of IL1β and IL6 Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels during the Early Phase of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescents and Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Simina Chelărescu ◽  
Petra Șurlin ◽  
Mioara Decusară ◽  
Mădălina Oprică ◽  
Eugen Bud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

Background: The crevicular fluid analysis represents a useful diagnosis tool, with the help of which noninvasive cellular metabolic activity can be analyzed. The aim of the study is to investigate comparatively IL1β and IL6 in the gingival crevicular fluid of clinically healthy adolescents and young adults during the acute phase of orthodontic treatment. Methods: Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from 20 patients (aged between 11 and 28) undergoing orthodontic treatment. Measurements were taken before (T0) and after 24 h after distalization forces were activated (T1). IL1β and IL 6 were analyzed using Elisa tests. The statistical tests used were two-sided t tests. Results: Between the two time periods there was a significant raise both in the crevicular fluid rate (0.57 µL at T0 vs. 0.95 µL at T1, p = 0.001) and in IL1β levels (15.67 pg/µL at T0 vs. 27.94 pg/µL at T1, p = 0.009). We were able to identify IL6 only in a third of the sites. There is a significantly increased level of ILβ at T1 in adolescents, more than in young adults (42.96 pg/µL vs. 17.93 pg/µL, p = 0.006). Conclusions: In the early stage of orthodontic treatment, the periodontal tissues of adolescents are more responsive to orthodontic forces than those of young adults.

scholarly journals Bone metabolism and RANKL/RANK/OPG trail in periodontal disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Lukasz Czupkallo ◽  
Mansur Rahnama ◽  
Dominik Kielbowicz ◽  
Michal Lobacz ◽  
Maryla Kozicka-Czupkallo
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Nf Kappa B ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Receptor Activator ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology. In order for it to appear there must come to an imbalance between the effects of pathogens and host defense mechanisms. As a result of its course the destruction of structures supporting the teeth appears (periodontium, cement, bone), and consequently leads to teeth loosening and loss. In recent years, the participation of RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone remodeling process was highligted. At the molecular level the bone resorption is regulated through the interaction of the ligand receptor activator of nuclear NF-kappa B (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is a system of two proteins belonging to the protein tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recent findings about the RANKL protein and OPG have shed new light on the previously unexplained phenomenon of the basis of bone resorption. Research has shown that both protein OPG and RANKL can be detected in gingival crevicular fluid, which has become a window of opportunity in the analysis of non-invasive markers of periodontal tissues, confirming elevated levels of RANKL protein in periodontal disease, and decreased levels of OPG protein. Bone resorption is initiated by the binding of the RANKL protein to receptors RANK present on the surface of mature osteoclasts, and their precursors, which leads to the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. OPG, being RANKL’s inhibitor, has, in turn, opposite characteristics to RANKL, resulting in the reduction of osteoclastogenesis process. Despite all this, the exact mechanism of bone resorption has not yet been elucidated.

Long-Term Sub-Antimicrobial Doxycycline (Periostat®) as Adjunctive Management in Adult Periodontitis: Effects on Subgingival Bacterial Population Dynamics

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Thomas ◽  
R.J. Metheny ◽  
J.M. Karakiozis ◽  
J.M. Wetzel ◽  
R.J. Crout
Keyword(s):  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Treatment Schedule ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Oral Microbiology ◽  
Double Blind Design ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

Previous trials had indicated that various schedules of sub-antimicrobial doxycycline significantly reduced gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collagenase activity in adult patients with periodontitis with no evidence of emergent tetracycline-resistant (Tcr) marker oral flora. The purpose of this nine-month study was to expand these observations, emphasizing newer microbial diagnostic methods. Subgingival paper point samples were obtained at baseline (BL), 3, 6, and 9 months. Four subject treatment groups in a double-blind design were evaluated by mechanical scaling and root planing (SRP) and/or 20 mg doxycycline BID (Periostat®). Thirty-eight patients entered the study at baseline (BL). Dark-field microscopy on 260 samples showed that morphotype distribution was independent of treatment schedule. Culture analysis of the 3 most prevalent isolates recovered showed that Streptococcus and Prevotella species accounted for approximately 85% of the 724 cultures. There did not appear to be any overgrowth or replacement by opportunistic oral flora. Of 658 susceptibility patterns evaluated by Etest, the MIC 50/90 and mode MIC showed stable patterns, independent of treatment group. Our findings were different from those of previously published reports, but may be partly explained by the lack of universally standardized methods in oral microbiology and interpretive criteria for susceptibility testing.

Investigating the Impact of Serum on the Growth of TM7x and Host XH001

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Khomski ◽  
Megan Pugach-Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Fetal Bovine Serum ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Potential Pathogenicity ◽  
The Impact

Nanosynbacter lyticus strain TM7x is an ultra-small, parasitic bacterium that lives on the surface of host, Actinomyces odontolyticus strain XH001. Studies have reported a considerable increase in TM7x abundance in patients with periodontal disease, and this association warrants further investigation. Interestingly, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow also increases during periodontitis. The prevalence of TM7x during periodontal disease may thus result from attraction to GCF. However, GCF is not commercially available for testing. Since its composition is similar to that of fetal bovine serum (FBS), FBS was tested instead. The objectives of this project are to determine whether FBS promotes the growth of TM7x and XH001 and to develop the optimal culture medium for analysis of these microbes. TM7x/XH001 co-culture and XH001 monoculture were separately cultivated in media (RPMI and FMC) supplemented with FBS. Cultures grown in the same, non-supplemented media served as control samples. Serial dilutions were performed and spotted onto plates at several time points, and samples were quantified in colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. 2% FBS FMC induced a significant increase in the growth of culture samples, as compared to control FMC (p = 0.0140 and p = 0.0424 for the co-culture and monoculture, respectively). Furthermore, microscopy revealed a heightened presence of TM7x in FBS-supplemented media in comparison to control media. These findings signify that FBS is an effective supplement to RPMI and FMC, both of which support TM7x/XH001 growth. Overall, the utilization of these media with FBS can ensure optimal cultivation of TM7x for investigation of its potential pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Arginine and glutamate levels in the gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narda Téllez ◽  
Natalia Aguilera ◽  
Belkis Quiñónez ◽  
Elizabeth Silva ◽  
Luis Enrique González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Clinical Attachment Loss ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Glutamate Concentration ◽  
Probing Depth ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Post Hoc

The objectives of this study were to determine arginine and glutamate levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of adult chronic periodontitis patients versus periodontally healthy controls, and to compare two kinds of microdialysis probes: normal and U-shaped probes. The analysis of GCF components was developed to improve the diagnosis of periodontal disease (PD). Proteolysis in the periodontal tissues increases the concentration of amino acids (aa) in the GCF and the levels of these aa may reveal PD features and stages. GCF samples were collected by microdialysis in situ from 5 periodontally affected sites (probing depth >5 mm, clinical attachment loss >3 mm) in 14 adult chronic periodontitis patients and from 14 adult periodontally healthy controls. Capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection was used to measure concentration of arginine and glutamate in the GCF. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (?=0.05). Arginine concentration was increased (p<0.001) and glutamate concentration was decreased (p<0.001) in chronic periodontitis patients as compared to controls. There were no significant differences (p=0.069) between the normal and U-shaped probes. In conclusion, the increase of arginine and decrease of glutamate concentration in GCF were associated to the presence of periodontitis, and might be used as markers to recognize periodontally susceptible subjects as well as to evaluate the treatment course.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of non-surgical treatment to reduce il-18 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Oliveira de Campos ◽  
Ricardo Guimarães Fischer ◽  
Anders Gustafsson ◽  
Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Gingival Index ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Probing Pocket Depth ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Attachment Level ◽  
Gingival Fluid ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the non-surgical periodontal treatment in reducing the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of IL-18 from inflamed periodontal sites. Fourteen patients with periodontal disease were included, being 9 patients with chronic periodontitis (mean age: 48.8 SD ± 7.4 years) and 5 patients with gingivitis (mean age: 43.6 SD ± 11.8). The patients were divided in the following groups: gingivitis sites from periodontitis patients (sites GP), periodontitis sites from periodontitis patients (sites PP), and gingivitis sites from gingivitis patients (sites GG). Probing pocket depth (PPD), probing attachment level (AL), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded, and gingival fluid samples were collected. The subjects received non-surgical treatment and were re-evaluated 30 days after treatment (day 30 AT). There was a significant reduction in PI in GG (1.0 ± 0.4 to 0.5 ± 0.2), GP (1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.5 ± 0.3), and in PP (1.3 ± 0.4 to 0.7 ± 0.3) 30 AT. There was also a significant reduction in the GI in GG (1.3 ± 0.3 to 0.7 ± 0.4). PPD reduced significantly in GG (2.4 ± 0.6 to 1.9 ± 0.1), and PP (6.7 ± 1.1 to 5.2 ± 0.9) 30 AT. When all the samples were analyzed together, there was a significant reduction in IL-18 (12.9 ± 7.2 to 10.0 ± 3.1). This study showed that non-surgical treatment was effective in reducing GCF levels of IL-18 from inflamed periodontal sites.

scholarly journals Defining Metaniches in the Oral Cavity According to Their Microbial Composition and Cytokine Profile

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8218
Author(s):  
Corinna L. Seidel ◽  
Roman G. Gerlach ◽  
Patrick Wiedemann ◽  
Matthias Weider ◽  
Gabriele Rodrian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

The human oral microbiota consists of over 700 widespread taxa colonizing the oral cavity in several anatomically diverse oral niches. Lately, sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes has become an acknowledged, culture-independent method to characterize the oral microbiota. However, only a small amount of data are available concerning microbial differences between oral niches in periodontal health and disease. In the context of periodontitis, the cytokine expression in the gingival crevicular fluid has been studied in detail, whereas little is known about the cytokine profile in hard and soft tissue biofilms. In order to characterize oral niches in periodontal health, the oral microbiota and cytokine pattern were analyzed at seven different sites (plaque (P), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva (S), tongue (T), hard palate (HP), cheek (C) and sublingual area (U)) of 20 young adults using next-generation sequencing and multiplex immunoassays. Site-specific microbial compositions were detected, which clustered into three distinct metaniches (“P-GCF”, “S-T-HP” and “C-U”) and were associated with niche-/metaniche-specific cytokine profiles. Our findings allow the definition of distinct metaniches according to their microbial composition, partly reflected by their cytokine profile, and provide new insights into microenvironmental similarities between anatomical diverse oral niches.

scholarly journals The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Volume

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 236-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Üstün ◽  
Nilgün Ö. Alptekin
Keyword(s):  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Healthy Males

ABSTRACTObjectives: The negative effects of smoking on periodontal health are well known. But the mechanism is not clear yet. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volumeMethods: The study included 26 age and gender matched periodontally healthy males. Half of the participants were smokers and the others were non-smokers. After periodontal measures were taken GCF samples were collected from 4 teeth of the subjects. The GCF volume was measured with an electronical deviceResults: The mean plaque index (PI) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volumes were significantly lower in non-smokers (P=.019 and P=.027, respectively). The other parameters did not show significant differencesConclusions: Smoking significantly increased GCF volume compared to non-smoking subjects. This may contribute to the negative effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:236- 239)

scholarly journals WNT-5a and SOST Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Depend on the Inflammatory and Osteoclastogenic Activities of Periodontal Tissues

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Georgios S. Chatzopoulos ◽  
Massimo Costalonga ◽  
Kim C. Mansky ◽  
Larry F. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Signaling ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Receptor Activator ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Periodontal Tissue Remodeling

Background and Objectives: Wnt signaling leads to stimulation of osteoblasts and it reduces osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via the regulation of the osteprotegrin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligan (RANKL). Wnt signaling pathways are regulated by their physiological antagonists such as sclerostin (SOST) as well as WNT-5a. The aim of this study was to determine the total amount of Sclerostin and WNT-5a in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in sites with a continuum from a healthy to diseased periodontium. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 20 patients with generalized periodontitis, 10 subjects with gingivitis as well as 14 individuals with a healthy periodontium were recruited upon clinical and radiographic periodontal examination. In patients diagnosed with periodontitis, GCF samples were collected from periodontitis, gingivitis and healthy sites, while gingivitis patients provided samples from gingivitis and healthy sites. In healthy patients, only healthy sites were sampled. Protein total amount of SOST and WNT-5a were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: A total of 108 GCF samples were collected from a total of 44 individuals. When all periodontitis (n = 51), gingivitis (n = 12) and healthy (n = 45) sites were analyzed regardless of the patient diagnosis, periodontitis sites demonstrated significantly elevated WNT-5a total amounts (p = 0.03) when compared to gingivitis sites. Gingivitis sites demonstrated a trend of more total SOST (p = 0.09) when compared to periodontitis and healthy sites. Within each patient diagnostic category, sites showed similar SOST and WNT-5a total amounts (p > 0.05). Conclusions: WNT-5a levels in GCF depend on the stage of periodontitis sites. SOST trended higher in the GCF of gingivitis sites but similar in chronic periodontitis and healthy sites. WNT-5a and SOST play a crucial role in periodontal tissue remodeling and depend on the inflammatory and osteoclastogenic activities.

scholarly journals Using Salivary MMP-9 to Successfully Quantify Periodontal Inflammation during Orthodontic Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Ionut Luchian ◽  
Mihaela Moscalu ◽  
Ancuta Goriuc ◽  
Ludovica Nucci ◽  
Monica Tatarciuc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Periodontal Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Periodontal Inflammation ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

Periodontitis is one of the most common immune-mediated inflammatory conditions resulting in progressive destruction of periodontium. Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), an enzyme that is involved in the degradation of gelatin and collagen and present in the gingival crevicular fluid, is markedly increased in periodontitis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of periodontal treatment either alone or in combination with orthodontic treatment on MMP-9 levels. In this study, 60 individuals were subjected to periodontal treatment (PD) or periodontal treatment combined with orthodontic treatment (POD). Both periodontal and periodontal plus orthodontic treatments significantly improved clinical parameters and lowered MMP-9 levels compared to control group. However, the combination of periodontal with orthodontic treatment further improved clinical parameters and enhanced the lowering effect on MMP-9 levels compared to periodontal or control groups alone. Finally, the degree of malocclusion significantly affected the effect of the treatment on MPP-9 levels with PD treatment having the most pronounced effect. We concluded that salivary MMP-9 can serve to accurately predict the level of inflammation in affected periodontal tissues during orthodontic treatment that is also associated with the type of malocclusion, making it a viable diagnosis tool in monitoring the progression of the periodontium during orthodontic treatment.

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