scholarly journals The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Szymczak-Pajor ◽  
Józef Drzewoski ◽  
Agnieszka Śliwińska
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
The University ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycaemia

Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency is very common in modern societies and is perceived as an important risk factor in the development of insulin resistance and related diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While it is generally accepted that vitamin D is a regulator of bone homeostasis, its ability to counteract insulin resistance is subject to debate. The goal of this communication is to review the molecular mechanism by which vitamin D reduces insulin resistance and related complications. The university library, PUBMED, and Google Scholar were searched to find relevant studies to be summarized in this review article. Insulin resistance is accompanied by chronic hyperglycaemia and inflammation. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D exhibits indirect antioxidative properties and participates in the maintenance of normal resting ROS level. Appealingly, vitamin D reduces inflammation and regulates Ca2+ level in many cell types. Therefore, the beneficial actions of vitamin D include diminished insulin resistance which is observed as an improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues.

Molecular mechanisms from insulin-mimetic effect of vitamin D: Treatment alternative in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin A Torres Dominguez ◽  
Abigail Meza Peñafiel ◽  
Arturo Gómez Pedraza ◽  
Edwin E Martínez Leo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Multifactorial Disease ◽  
Treatment Alternative ◽  
Insulin Mimetic

Diabetes mellitus is a complex and multifactorial disease with a global prevalence that exceeds 425 million people. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a state of insulin resistance,...

Renal Injury, Abnormal Vitamin D Metabolism and Bone Homeostasis in Aged Rats With Insulin Resistance or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 872-877
Author(s):  
Huang Chang-Quan ◽  
Dong Bi-Rong ◽  
Xiao Qian ◽  
He Ping ◽  
Ding Qun-Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Urinary Albumin ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D

ObjectiveThe study aimed to explore the relationship among renal injury, abnormal vitamin D metabolism, and bone homeostasis in insulin resistance (IR) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Design and MethodsThe animal models of IR, T2DM, and T2DM treated with 1-alpha hydroxyvitamin D (1-α(OH)D) were established on 18-month-old male Wistar rats. Glucose infusion rates (GIR) and levels of urinary albumin (UA), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D), serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D), and bone mineral density (BMD) in lumbar vertebrae and femoral bone were measured.ResultsUrinary albumin level in the rats with T2DM significantly increased, and there existed a significant and negative correlation between GIR and UA level in the rats with T2DM or IR. The levels of serum 25-(OH)D in all models were similar. The levels of serum 1,25-(OH)2D and BMD in the rats with IR were significantly higher than those in the rats with T2DM and were lower than those in normal control rats. In the aged rats with T2DM, administration of 1-α(OH)D had no effect on serum 25-(OH)D level although significantly increased the levels of serum 1,25-(OH)2D and BMD. There existed a negative correlation between the levels of serum 1,25-(OH)2D and UA in the rats with T2DM or IR.ConclusionsIn IR or T2DM, abnormal vitamin D metabolism is characterized by 1,25-(OH)2D deficiency and is related to renal injury, and there also existed bone loss. In T2DM, both 1,25-(OH)2D deficiency and bone loss can be reversed by 1-α(OH)D.

scholarly journals The Landscape of microRNAs in βCell: Between Phenotype Maintenance and Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco ◽  
Noemi Brusco ◽  
Giada Licata ◽  
Daniela Fignani ◽  
Caterina Formichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycaemia ◽  
Shed Light

Diabetes mellitus is a group of heterogeneous metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia mainly due to pancreatic β cell death and/or dysfunction, caused by several types of stress such as glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and inflammation. Different patho-physiological mechanisms driving β cell response to these stresses are tightly regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of negative regulators of gene expression, involved in pathogenic mechanisms occurring in diabetes and in its complications. In this review, we aim to shed light on the most important miRNAs regulating the maintenance and the robustness of β cell identity, as well as on those miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of the two main forms of diabetes mellitus, i.e., type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, we acknowledge that the understanding of miRNAs-regulated molecular mechanisms is fundamental in order to develop specific and effective strategies based on miRNAs as therapeutic targets, employing innovative molecules.

scholarly journals Is Vitamin D Deficiency Related to Increased Cancer Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6444
Author(s):  
Anna Gabryanczyk ◽  
Sylwia Klimczak ◽  
Izabela Szymczak-Pajor ◽  
Agnieszka Śliwińska
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Increased Risk

There is mounting evidence that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related with increased risk for the development of cancer. Apart from shared common risk factors typical for both diseases, diabetes driven factors including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and low grade chronic inflammation are of great importance. Recently, vitamin D deficiency was reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including T2DM and cancer. However, little is known whether vitamin D deficiency may be responsible for elevated cancer risk development in T2DM patients. Therefore, the aim of the current review is to identify the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D deficiency may contribute to cancer development in T2DM patients. Vitamin D via alleviation of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and inflammation reduces diabetes driven cancer risk factors. Moreover, vitamin D strengthens the DNA repair process, and regulates apoptosis and autophagy of cancer cells as well as signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis i.e., tumor growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Wnt-β-Cathenin. It should also be underlined that many types of cancer cells present alterations in vitamin D metabolism and action as a result of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and CYP27B1 expression dysregulation. Although, numerous studies revealed that adequate vitamin D concentration prevents or delays T2DM and cancer development, little is known how the vitamin affects cancer risk among T2DM patients. There is a pressing need for randomized clinical trials to clarify whether vitamin D deficiency may be a factor responsible for increased risk of cancer in T2DM patients, and whether the use of the vitamin by patients with diabetes and cancer may improve cancer prognosis and metabolic control of diabetes.

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Jesús Burillo ◽  
Patricia Marqués ◽  
Beatriz Jiménez ◽  
Carlos González-Blanco ◽  
Manuel Benito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Progressive Disease

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease that is characterized by the appearance of insulin resistance. The term insulin resistance is very wide and could affect different proteins involved in insulin signaling, as well as other mechanisms. In this review, we have analyzed the main molecular mechanisms that could be involved in the connection between type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration, in general, and more specifically with the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease. We have studied, in more detail, the different processes involved, such as inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

The role of vitamin D in the development of type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
A.P. Shumilov ◽  
◽  
M.Yu. Semchenkova ◽  
D.S. Mikhalik ◽  
T.G. Avdeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Vitamin D plays an important role in decreasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by influencing calcium metabolism, thereby reducing β-cell dysfunction and preventing insulin resistance. The findings of research works are contradictory enough, although some of them demonstrated an inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The article describes the biological mechanisms of relationships between vitamin D levels and type 2 diabetes, reviews the results of the studies conducted and summarizes the available data. Key words: vitamin D, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance

scholarly journals Effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance and anthropometric parameters in Type 2 diabetes; a randomized double-blind clinical trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Heshmat ◽  
Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy ◽  
Shabnam Abbaszadeh-Ahranjani ◽  
Samimeh Shahbazi ◽  
Ghazal Khooshehchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Clinical Trial

scholarly journals Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity: A Link between MAFLD and NASH with Cardiovascular Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11629
Author(s):  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas ◽  
Arturo Santos ◽  
Juan Armendariz-Borunda
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Systemic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic ensuing an increase in comorbidities’ prevalence, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), autoimmune diseases, and some cancers, CVD being one of the main causes of death in the world. Several studies provide evidence for an association between MAFLD and atherosclerosis and cardio-metabolic disorders, including CVDs such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, the combination of MAFLD/NASH is associated with vascular risk and CVD progression, but the underlying mechanisms linking MAFLD/NASH and CVD are still under investigation. Several underlying mechanisms may probably be involved, including hepatic/systemic insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, as well as pro-atherogenic, pro-coagulant, and pro-inflammatory mediators released from the steatotic/inflamed liver. MAFLD is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which is involved in its pathogenesis and progression to NASH. Insulin resistance is a major cardiovascular risk factor in subjects without diabetes. However, T2D has been considered the most common link between MAFLD/NASH and CVD. This review summarizes the evidence linking obesity with MAFLD, NASH, and CVD, considering the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms involved in these diseases. We also discuss the association of MAFLD and NASH with the development and progression of CVD, including structural and functional cardiac alterations, and pharmacological strategies to treat MAFLD/NASH and cardiovascular prevention.

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