scholarly journals The Effect of TBB, as an Initiator, on the Biological Compatibility of PMMA/MMA Bone Cement

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4016
Author(s):  
Kosuke Hamajima ◽  
Ryotaro Ozawa ◽  
Juri Saruta ◽  
Makiko Saita ◽  
Hiroaki Kitajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cement ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽  
Bone Cements ◽  
Acrylic Bone Cement ◽  
Matrix Mineralization ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Biological Compatibility ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Cell Spread

Acrylic bone cement is widely used in orthopedic surgery for treating various conditions of the bone and joints. Bone cement consists of methyl methacrylate (MMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO), functioning as a liquid monomer, solid phase, and polymerization initiator, respectively. However, cell and tissue toxicity caused by bone cement has been a concern. This study aimed to determine the effect of tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) as an initiator on the biocompatibility of bone cement. Rat spine bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on two commercially available PMMA-BPO bone cements and a PMMA-TBB experimental material. After a 24-h incubation, more cells survived on PMMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO. Cytomorphometry showed that the area of cell spread was greater on PMMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity, gene expression, and matrix mineralization showed that the osteoblastic differentiation was substantially advanced on the PMMA-TBB. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that polymerization radical production within the PMMA-TBB was 1/15–1/20 of that within the PMMA-BPO. Thus, the use of TBB as an initiator, improved the biocompatibility and physicochemical properties of the PMMA-based material.

scholarly journals Damage Evolution and Fracture Events Sequence Analysis of Core-Shell Nanoparticle Modified Bone Cements by Acoustic Emission Technique

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
O.F. Pacheco-Salazar ◽  
Shuichi Wakayama ◽  
L.A. Can-Herrera ◽  
M.A.A. Dzul-Cervantes ◽  
C.R. Ríos-Soberanis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Bone Cement ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Bone Cements ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Ae Signals ◽  
Cement Formulation

In this research, damage in bone cements that were prepared with core-shell nanoparticles was monitored during four-point bending tests through an analysis of acoustic emission (AE) signals. The core-shell structure consisted of poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) as rubbery core and methyl methacrylate/styrene copolymer (P(MMA-co-St)) as a glassy shell. Furthermore, different core-shell ratios 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, and 50/50 were prepared and incorporated into the solid phase of the bone cement formulation at 5, 10, and 15 wt %, respectively. The incorporation of a rubbery phase into the bone cement formulation decreased the bending strength and bending modulus. The AE technique revealed that the nanoparticles play an important role on the fracture mechanism of the bone cement, since a higher amount of AE signals (higher amplitude and energy) were obtained from bone cements that were prepared with the nanoparticles in comparison with those without nanoparticles (the reference bone cement). The SEM examination of the fracture surfaces revealed that all of the bone cement formulations exhibited stress whitening, which arises from the development of crazes before the crack propagation. Finally, the use of the AE technique and the fracture surface analysis by SEM enabled insight into the fracture mechanisms that are presented during four-point bending test of the bone cement containing nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Prolonged Post-Polymerization Biocompatibility of Polymethylmethacrylate-Tri-n-Butylborane (PMMA-TBB) Bone Cement

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1289
Author(s):  
Juri Saruta ◽  
Ryotaro Ozawa ◽  
Kosuke Hamajima ◽  
Makiko Saita ◽  
Nobuaki Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cement ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Orthopedic Procedures ◽  
Bone Cements ◽  
Acrylic Bone Cement ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Metallic Implants ◽  
Osteogenic Gene Expression

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based acrylic bone cement is commonly used to fix bone and metallic implants in orthopedic procedures. The polymerization initiator tri-n-butylborane (TBB) has been reported to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of PMMA-based bone cement compared to benzoyl peroxide (BPO). However, it is unknown whether this benefit is temporary or long-lasting, which is important to establish given that bone cement is expected to remain in situ permanently. Here, we compared the biocompatibility of PMMA-TBB and PMMA-BPO bone cements over several days. Rat femur-derived osteoblasts were seeded onto two commercially-available PMMA-BPO bone cements and experimental PMMA-TBB polymerized for one day, three days, or seven days. Significantly more cells attached to PMMA-TBB bone cement during the initial stages of culture than on both PMMA-BPO cements, regardless of the age of the materials. Proliferative activity and differentiation markers including alkaline phosphatase production, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression were consistently and considerably higher in cells grown on PMMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO, regardless of cement age. Although osteoblastic phenotypes were more favorable on older specimens for all three cement types, biocompatibility increased between three-day-old and seven-day-old PMMA-BPO specimens, and between one-day-old and three-day-old PMMA-TBB specimens. PMMA-BPO materials produced more free radicals than PMMA-TBB regardless of the age of the material. These data suggest that PMMA-TBB maintains superior biocompatibility over PMMA-BPO bone cements over prolonged periods of at least seven days post-polymerization. This superior biocompatibility can be ascribed to both low baseline cytotoxicity and a further rapid reduction in cytotoxicity, representing a new biological advantage of PMMA-TBB as a novel bone cement material.

scholarly journals Novel Osteogenic Behaviors around Hydrophilic and Radical-Free 4-META/MMA-TBB: Implications of an Osseointegrating Bone Cement

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Sugita ◽  
Takahisa Okubo ◽  
Makiko Saita ◽  
Manabu Ishijima ◽  
Yasuyoshi Torii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Bone Cement ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Implant Loosening ◽  
Free Radical Production ◽  
Metallic Implants ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Culture Stage ◽  
Osteogenic Gene Expression

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cement, which is widely used to affix orthopedic metallic implants, is considered bio-tolerant but lacks osteoconductivity and is cytotoxic. Implant loosening and toxic complications are significant and recognized problems. Here we devised two strategies to improve PMMA-based bone cement: (1) adding 4-methacryloyloxylethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) to MMA monomer to render it hydrophilic; and (2) using tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) as a polymerization initiator instead of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to reduce free radical production. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on PMMA-BPO, common bone cement ingredients, and 4-META/MMA-TBB, newly formulated ingredients. After 24 h of incubation, more cells survived on 4-META/MMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO. The mineralized area was 20-times greater on 4-META/MMA-TBB than PMMA-BPO at the later culture stage and was accompanied by upregulated osteogenic gene expression. The strength of bone-to-cement integration in rat femurs was 4- and 7-times greater for 4-META/MMA-TBB than PMMA-BPO during early- and late-stage healing, respectively. MicroCT and histomorphometric analyses revealed contact osteogenesis exclusively around 4-META/MMA-TBB, with minimal soft tissue interposition. Hydrophilicity of 4-META/MMA-TBB was sustained for 24 h, particularly under wet conditions, whereas PMMA-BPO was hydrophobic immediately after mixing and was unaffected by time or condition. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that the free radical production for 4-META/MMA-TBB was 1/10 to 1/20 that of PMMA-BPO within 24 h, and the substantial difference persisted for at least 10 days. The compromised ability of PMMA-BPO in recruiting cells was substantially alleviated by adding free radical-scavenging amino-acid N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) into the material, whereas adding NAC did not affect the ability of 4-META/MMA-TBB. These results suggest that 4-META/MMA-TBB shows significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared to PMMA-BPO and induces osteoconductivity due to uniquely created hydrophilic and radical-free interface. Further pre-clinical and clinical validations are warranted.

A novel degradable tricalcium silicate/calcium polyphosphate/polyvinyl alcohol organic-inorganic composite cement for bone filling

2021 ◽  
pp. 088532822110203
Author(s):  
Rongguang Zhang ◽  
Jinbo Hu ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Zhengwen Ding ◽  
Yalan Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Bone Cement ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Tricalcium Silicate ◽  
Bone Cements ◽  
Matrix Mineralization ◽  
Calcium Polyphosphate ◽  
Composite Bone

In this study, tricalcium silicate (C3S) calcium/polyphosphate/polyvinyl alcohol organic-inorganic self-setting composites were successfully designed. A variety of tests were conducted to characterize their self-setting properties, mechanical properties, degradation properties, and related biological properties. The composite bone cements showed a short setting time (5.5–37.5 min) with a 5:5–6:4 ratio of C3S/CPP to maintain a stable compressive strength (28 MPa). In addition, PVA effectively reduced the brittleness of the inorganic phase. Degradation experiments confirmed the sustainable surface degradation of bone cement. A maximum degradation rate of 49% was reached within 56 days, and the structure remained intact without collapse. Culturing MC3T3 cells with bone cement extracts revealed that the composite bone cements had excellent biological properties in vitro. The original extract showed a proliferation promotion effect on cells, whereas most of the other original extracts of degradable bone cements were toxic to the cells. Meanwhile, extracellular matrix mineralization and alkaline phosphatase expression showed remarkable effects on cell differentiation. In addition, a good level of adhesion of cells to the surfaces of materials was observed. Taken together, these results indicate that C3S/CPP/PVA composite bone cements have great potential in bone defect filling for fast curing.

Structural Weakening of Layered Acrylic Bone Cement

1982 ◽  
Vol &NA; (171) ◽  
pp. 94???96
Author(s):  
JAMES D. BLACK ◽  
A. SETH GREENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cement ◽  
Acrylic Bone Cement

Mechanical Performance and In Vivo Tests of an Acrylic Bone Cement Filled with Bioactive Sepia Officinalis Cuttlebone

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. García-Enriquez ◽  
H. E. R. Guadarrama ◽  
I. Reyes-González ◽  
E. Mendizábal ◽  
C. F. Jasso-Gastinel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cement ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Sepia Officinalis ◽  
Acrylic Bone Cement ◽  
In Vivo Tests

Bone marrow modified acrylic bone cement for augmentation of osteoporotic cancellous bone

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2081-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Arens ◽  
Stephan Rothstock ◽  
Markus Windolf ◽  
Andreas Boger
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Cement ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Acrylic Bone Cement

Acrylic Bone Cement Damage

JAMA ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Wayne G. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cement ◽  
Acrylic Bone Cement
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