scholarly journals Expression and Role of Response Regulating, Biosynthetic and Degrading Genes for Cytokinin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawnak Laila ◽  
Arif Hasan Khan Robin ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Gopal Saha ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Cytokinin Signaling ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Leaf Tissues

The obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in oilseeds and vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, and cytokinins play a vital role in clubroot formation. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of 17 cytokinin-related genes involved in the biosynthesis, signaling, and degradation in Chinese cabbage inoculated with the Korean pathotype group 4 isolate of P. brassicae, Seosan. This isolate produced the most severe clubroot symptoms in Chinese cabbage cultivar “Bullam-3-ho” compared to three other Korean geographical isolates investigated. BrIPT1, a cytokinin biosynthesis gene, was induced on Day 1 and Day 28 in infected root tissues and the upregulation of this biosynthetic gene coincided with the higher expression of the response regulators BrRR1, on both Days and BrRR6 on Day 1 and 3. BrRR3 and 4 genes were also induced during gall enlargement on Day 35 in leaf tissues. The BrRR4 gene, which positively interact with phytochrome B, was consistently induced in leaf tissues on Day 1, 3, and 14 in the inoculated plants. The cytokinin degrading gene BrCKX3-6 were induced on Day 14, before gall initiation. BrCKX2,3,6 were induced until Day 28 and their expression was downregulated on Day 35. This insight improves our current understanding of the role of cytokinin signaling genes in clubroot disease development.

scholarly journals Expression and Role of Biosynthetic, Transporter, Receptor, and Responsive Genes for Auxin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5554
Author(s):  
Arif Hasan Khan Robin ◽  
Gopal Saha ◽  
Rawnak Laila ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Auxin Receptor ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Root Tissues

Auxins play a pivotal role in clubroot development caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae. In this study, we investigated the pattern of expression of 23 genes related to auxin biosynthesis, reception, and transport in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) after inoculation with P. brassicae. The predicted proteins identified, based on the 23 selected auxin-related genes, were from protein kinase, receptor kinase, auxin responsive, auxin efflux carrier, transcriptional regulator, and the auxin-repressed protein family. These proteins differed in amino acids residue, molecular weights, isoelectric points, chromosomal location, and subcellular localization. Leaf and root tissues showed dynamic and organ-specific variation in expression of auxin-related genes. The BrGH3.3 gene, involved in auxin signaling, exhibited 84.4-fold increase in expression in root tissues compared to leaf tissues as an average of all samples. This gene accounted for 4.8-, 2.6-, and 5.1-fold higher expression at 3, 14, and 28 days post inoculation (dpi) in the inoculated root tissues compared to mock-treated roots. BrNIT1, an auxin signaling gene, and BrPIN1, an auxin transporter, were remarkably induced during both cortex infection at 14 dpi and gall formation at 28 dpi. BrDCK1, an auxin receptor, was upregulated during cortex infection at 14 dpi. The BrLAX1 gene, associated with root hair development, was induced at 1 dpi in infected roots, indicating its importance in primary infection. More interestingly, a significantly higher expression of BrARP1, an auxin-repressed gene, at both the primary and secondary phases of infection indicated a dynamic response of the host plant towards its resistance against P. brassicae. The results of this study improve our current understanding of the role of auxin-related genes in clubroot disease development.

scholarly journals Characterization of Five Molecular Markers for Pathotype Identification of the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 1486-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zheng ◽  
Xuliang Wang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Shu Yuan ◽  
Shiqing Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
Reaction Cycles ◽  
Important Disease

Clubroot disease is an important disease on cruciferous crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infections. The pathotypes have been classified based on the reactions of differential hosts. However, molecular markers of particular pathotypes for P. brassicae are limited. In this study, we found five genetic markers in association with different pathotypes. Different gene expression patterns among different pathotypes (P4, P7, P9, and P11) were assayed according to the transcriptome data. The assay indicated that molecular markers PBRA_007750 and PBRA_009348 could be used to distinguish P11 from P4, P7, and P9; PBRA_009348 and Novel342 could distinguish P9 from P4, P7, and P11; and PBRA_008439 and Novel342 could represent a kind of P4. Polymerase chain reaction cycles ranging from 25 to 30 were able to identify the predominant pathotype in general. Therefore, these molecular markers would be a valuable tool to identify and discriminate pathotypes in P. brassicae population.

scholarly journals Gliome database: a comprehensive web-based tool to access and analyze glia secretome data

Database ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Heon Kim ◽  
Su-Hyeong Park ◽  
Jin Han ◽  
Pan-Woo Ko ◽  
Dongseop Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Value Functions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
User Friendly

Abstract Glial cells are phenotypically heterogeneous non-neuronal components of the central and peripheral nervous systems. These cells are endowed with diverse functions and molecular machineries to detect and regulate neuronal or their own activities by various secreted mediators, such as proteinaceous factors. In particular, glia-secreted proteins form a basis of a complex network of glia–neuron or glia–glia interactions in health and diseases. In recent years, the analysis and profiling of glial secretomes have raised new expectations for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders due to the vital role of glia in numerous physiological or pathological processes of the nervous system. However, there is no online database of glia-secreted proteins available to facilitate glial research. Here, we developed a user-friendly ‘Gliome’ database (available at www.gliome.org), a web-based tool to access and analyze glia-secreted proteins. The database provides a vast collection of information on 3293 proteins that are released from glia of multiple species and have been reported to have differential functions under diverse experimental conditions. It contains a web-based interface with the following four key features regarding glia-secreted proteins: (i) fundamental information, such as signal peptide, SecretomeP value, functions and Gene Ontology category; (ii) differential expression patterns under distinct experimental conditions; (iii) disease association; and (iv) interacting proteins. In conclusion, the Gliome database is a comprehensive web-based tool to access and analyze glia-secretome data obtained from diverse experimental settings, whereby it may facilitate the integration of bioinformatics into glial research.

Glucosinolate profile and Myrosinase gene expression are modulated upon Plasmodiophora brassicae infection in cabbage

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Kayum ◽  
Ujjal Kumar Nath ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Mohammad Rashed Hossain ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Glucosinolate Profile ◽  
In Silico Analyses

Clubroot is a devastating disease of Brassicaceae caused by the biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. The progression of clubroot disease is modulated by the glucosinolate (GSL) profile of the host plant. GSL is hydrolysed by the enzyme myrosinase upon cell disruption and gives rise to metabolites like isothiocyanate, nitriles, thiocyanates, epithionitriles and oxazolidines. Some of these metabolites play important roles in the plant’s defence mechanism. We identified 13 Myrosinase (Myro) and 28 Myrosinase-Binding Protein-like (MBP) genes from Brassica oleracea L. using a comparative genomics approach and characterised them through in silico analyses. We compared the expression patterns of these genes in a clubroot-susceptible line and a resistant line following inoculation with P. brassicae. Two BolMyro and 12 BolMBP genes were highly expressed in the susceptible line, whereas only one BolMyro and five BolMBP genes were highly expressed in the resistant line. Principal component analysis confirmed that specific GSL profiles and gene expression were modulated due to pathogen infection. Plants with higher levels of neoglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin and methooxyglucobrassicin produced disease symptoms and formed galls, whereas, plants with higher levels of sinigrin, hydroxyglucobrassicin and progoitrin produced less symptoms with almost no galls. Our results provide insights into the roles of Myro and MBP genes in GSL hydrolysis during P. brassicae infection, which will help for developing clubroot resistant cabbage lines.

scholarly journals Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica rapa and Brassica juncea genotypes From China

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Jie Feng ◽  
Shujiang Zhang ◽  
Shifan Zhang ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
China Development

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, has become a major problem in cruciferous crops worldwide. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), pak choi (B. rapa), and mustard (B. juncea) are important vegetable crops in China. Development of clubroot-resistant cultivars of these crops is urgently needed. In this study, 71 B. rapa and B. juncea genotypes from China, including cultivars and inbred lines, were evaluated for resistance to three P. brassicae pathotypes. A significant interaction was observed between the P. brassicae pathotypes and the Brassica genotypes. Pathotype 3, as defined on the differentials of Williams, exhibited the weakest virulence on all plant material. By contrast, pathotypes 5 and 6 were both highly pathogenic on most of the tested genotypes. In all, 10 of the 14 Chinese cabbage cultivars were resistant to all three pathotypes, while 4 were resistant only to a specific pathotype. Seven of eight progenies obtained from the selfing of Chinese cabbage cultivars were resistant to pathotype 3 but most were susceptible to pathotypes 5 and 6. Most inbred lines of Chinese cabbage and all inbred lines of pak choi and mustard were susceptible to all three pathotypes but their susceptibility was lower to pathotype 3 than to pathotypes 5 and 6.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Arabidopsis Clubroots Indicate a Key Role for Cytokinins in Disease Development

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Siemens ◽  
Ingo Keller ◽  
Johannes Sarx ◽  
Sabine Kunz ◽  
Astrid Schuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Developmental Switch ◽  
Limited Change

The clubroot disease of the family Brassicaceae is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. Infected roots undergo a developmental switch that results in the formation of aberrant roots (clubs). To investigate host gene expression during the development of the disease, we have used the Arabidopsis ATH1 genome array. Two timepoints were chosen, an early timepoint at which the pathogen has colonized the root but has induced only very limited change of host cell and root morphology and a later timepoint at which more than 60% of the host root cells were colonized and root morphology was drastically altered. At both timepoints, more than 1,000 genes were differentially expressed in infected versus control roots. These included genes associated with growth and cell cycle, sugar phosphate metabolism, and defense. The involvement of plant hormones in club development was further supported; genes involved in auxin homeostasis, such as nitrilases and members of the GH3 family, were upregulated, whereas genes involved in cytokinin homeostasis (cytokinin syn-thases and cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases) were already strongly downregulated at the early timepoint. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase overexpressing lines were disease resistant, clearly indicating the importance of cytokinin as a key factor in clubroot disease development.

scholarly journals Development of an Effective Nonchemical Method againstPlasmodiophora brassicaeon Chinese Cabbage

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Guanghui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Chemical Inputs ◽  
Average Plant

Clubroot disease, caused byPlasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious soil-borne disease of crucifer worldwide, and it can significantly reduce yield and quality. Although some agrochemicals have been used to manage clubroot and can provide effective control, increasing use of chemical inputs causes several negative effects. In this study, using Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapaL. subsp.chinensis) as the test crop, we developed an effective nonchemical method that would protect the roots againstP. brassicaeinfection by using a combination heat treatment and a cocktail of biocontrol agents. The data showed that this method could cause 91.7% inhibition ofP. brassicaeinfection. The average height of plants (13.5 cm) using this method was about twice higher than that in control group (6.7 cm), and the average plant weight (3.19 g) was about three times increased compared to that in control set (1.23 g).

scholarly journals Retrotransposons in pluripotent stem cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Junjiu Huang ◽  
Guang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Genomic Locations

AbstractTransposable elements constitute about half of the mammalian genome, and can be divided into two classes: the class I (retrotransposons) and the class II (DNA transposons). A few hundred types of retrotransposons, which are dynamic and stage specific, have been annotated. The copy numbers and genomic locations are significantly varied in species. Retrotransposons are active in germ cells, early embryos and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) correlated with low levels of DNA methylation in epigenetic regulation. Some key pluripotency transcriptional factors (such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) bind retrotransposons and regulate their activities in PSCs, suggesting a vital role of retrotransposons in pluripotency maintenance and self-renewal. In response to retrotransposons transposition, cells employ a number of silencing mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification. This review summarizes expression patterns, functions, and regulation of retrotransposons in PSCs and early embryonic development.

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