scholarly journals A Role of Inflammation and Immunity in Essential Hypertension—Modeled and Analyzed Using Petri Nets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3348
Author(s):  
Dorota Formanowicz ◽  
Agnieszka Rybarczyk ◽  
Marcin Radom ◽  
Piotr Formanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Recent studies have shown that the innate and adaptive immune system, together with low-grade inflammation, may play an important role in essential hypertension. In this work, to verify the importance of selected factors for the development of essential hypertension, we created a Petri net-based model and analyzed it. The analysis was based mainly on t-invariants, knockouts of selected fragments of the net and its simulations. The blockade of the renin-angiotensin (RAA) system revealed that the most significant effect on the emergence of essential hypertension has RAA activation. This blockade affects: (1) the formation of angiotensin II, (2) inflammatory process (by influencing C-reactive protein (CRP)), (3) the initiation of blood coagulation, (4) bradykinin generation via the kallikrein-kinin system, (5) activation of lymphocytes in hypertension, (6) the participation of TNF alpha in the activation of the acute phase response, and (7) activation of NADPH oxidase—a key enzyme of oxidative stress. On the other hand, we found that the blockade of the activation of the RAA system may not eliminate hypertension that can occur due to disturbances associated with the osmotically independent binding of Na in the interstitium. Moreover, we revealed that inflammation alone is not enough to trigger primary hypertension, but it can coexist with it. We believe that our research may contribute to a better understanding of the pathology of hypertension. It can help identify potential subprocesses, which blocking will allow better control of essential hypertension.

scholarly journals The Role of Immunosenescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Costantini ◽  
Chiara D’Angelo ◽  
Marcella Reale
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Thymic Involution ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Aging is characterized by the progressive decline of physiological function and tissue homeostasis leading to increased vulnerability, degeneration, and death. Aging-related changes of the innate and adaptive immune system include decline in the preservation and enhancement of many immune functions, such as changes in the number of circulating monocytic and dendritic cells, thymic involution, T cell polyfunctionality, or production of proinflammatory cytokines, and are defined as immunosenescence. Inflammatory functions are increased with age, causing the chronic low-grade inflammation, referred to as inflamm-aging, that contribute, together with immunosenescence, to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the link between the immune and nervous systems and how the immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals The role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in sodium metabolism in normal and low renin essential hypertension.

1983 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1210-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZUAKI SHIMAMOTO ◽  
TAKASHI NAKAO ◽  
NOBUYUKI URA ◽  
SHIGEMICHI TANAKA ◽  
TOSHIAKI ANDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Renal Kallikrein ◽  
Sodium Metabolism ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System

Roles of the kallikrein/kinin system in the adaptive immune system

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schulze-Topphoff ◽  
A. Prat ◽  
M. Bader ◽  
F. Zipp ◽  
O. Aktas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System

Hematologic parameters as biomarkers for antihistamine and omalizumab resistance in chronic spontaneous urticaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. e17-e24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Magen ◽  
Dan-Andrei Waitman ◽  
Natan R. Kahan
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Record Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Biomarkers of resistance to H1-antihistamines (AH) and omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are still a matter of debate. Objective: To identify clinical and laboratory attributes of the patient that may be predictive of AH and omalizumab resistance in CSU. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study by using the electronic patient record data base of patients with CSU and of sex- and age-matched controls. Patients with CSU were divided into three study groups: the CSU group, patients who responded to AHs; the antihistamine-resistant CSU (AH-CSU) group, patients refractory to a fourfold AH dose; and the control group, composed of a random sample of age- and sex-matched subjects, with a case-control ratio of 1:2. The patients in the AH-CSU group treated with omalizumab were compared according to the response or resistance to omalizumab. Results: A total of 106 subjects in the AH-CSU group, 483 in the CSU group, and 1198 in the control group were compared. Both AH-CSU (112.7 ± 43.1 kU/mL) and CSU (129.5 ± 52.4 kU/mL) groups were associated with higher plasma total IgE levels than control group (103.2 ± 49.5 kU/mL; p < 0.001). The AH-CSU group was characterized by a higher plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level (6.4 ± 3.7 mg/L) than the CSU group (4.3 ± 1.4 mg/L; p < 0.001) and the control group (3.1 ± 1.8 mg/L; p < 0.001). The AH-CSU and CSU groups were characterized by a lower mean ± standard deviation basophil counts (0.18 ± 0.16 cells ×109/L and 0.19 ± 0.11 cells ×109/L, respectively) than the control group (0.22 ± 0.09 cells ×109/L; p < 0.001). The mean platelet volume was higher in the AH-CSU group (11.2 ± 0.3 fL) than in the CSU group (11.1 ± 0.4 fL; p = 0.002) and in the control group (10.3 ± 0.4 fL; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the mean levels of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets, and the rates of eosinopenia and basopenia between the patients in the AH-CSU group who responded to and those who were resistant to omalizumab. Conclusion: This study provided additional data of interest to examine the pathophysiologic role of low-grade inflammation and basopenia in patients with CSU and resistant to AHs and omalizumab.

scholarly journals Inflammation-Accelerated Senescence and the Cardiovascular System: Mechanisms and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Del Pinto ◽  
Claudio Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Dna Targeting ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Low-grade chronic inflammation is a common denominator in atherogenesis and related diseases. Solid evidence supports the occurrence of an impairment in the innate and adaptive immune system with senescence, favoring the development of acute and chronic age-related diseases. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD), in particular, are a leading cause of death even at older ages. Inflammation-associated mechanisms that contribute to CVD development include dysregulated redox and metabolic pathways, genetic modifications, and infections/dysbiosis. In this review, we will recapitulate the determinants and consequences of the immune system dysfunction at older age, with particular focus on the CV system. We will examine the currently available and potential future strategies to counteract accelerated CV aging, i.e., nutraceuticals, probiotics, caloric restriction, physical activity, smoking and alcohol cessation, control of low-grade inflammation sources, senolytic and senescence-modulating drugs, and DNA-targeting drugs.

scholarly journals LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION IN SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: ROLE OF HIGHSENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Preeti Sharma ◽  
Rachna Sharma ◽  
Gaurav Gupta ◽  
Anchal Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Thyroid Profile ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Objective: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) patients may present with abnormal lipid profile more specifically in patients having thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) >10 mIU/L. Since the contradiction still lies with patients having TSH <10 mIU/L, so the role of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs- CRP) may be important with the prediction of inflammatory cardiovascular risk.Methods: Recently diagnosed 30 SCH patients both male and female were recruited and compared 30 normal healthy adults. Age and body mass index (BMI) of the study population were noted. Thyroid profile including TSH, FT4, and T3 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured by the CHOD-POD method, GPO-PAP method, and CHOD-POD/phosphotungstic method. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low-density cholesterol were measured by Friedewald formula. Lipoprotein ratios were also calculated. An ELISA was also used for the estimation of Hs-CRP.Results: The significant results were obtained in this study. BMI was significantly (<0.01) elevated in patients’ group compared to the control group. In the thyroid profile, TSH was significantly (<0.05) different between the groups. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol were significantly (<0.01) elevated in the case group. A significantly lower concentration of HDL cholesterol was observed in SCH patients when compared with control subjects. There was an elevated concentration of lipoprotein ratios in patients group. The mean concentration of Hs-CRP was highly significant between the groups. The level was higher in the case group compared to the control group. In patients’ group, there was a positive association (β- 0.36) (confidence interval 95%–0.002–0.536) between TSH and Hs-CRP. This association was highly significant.Conclusion: SCH patients having TSH <10 μIU/ml were characterized by dyslipidemia and elevated Hs-CRP. Increased lipoprotein ratios and Hs-CRP may promote low-grade inflammation in SCH patients, by which cardiovascular risk can be developed.

The beneficial role of anti-inflammatory dietary ingredients in attenuating markers of chronic low-grade inflammation in aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran S. Panickar ◽  
Dennis E. Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Data ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

AbstractAging in humans is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation (systemic), and this condition is sometimes referred to as “inflammaging”. In general, canines also age similarly to humans, and such aging is associated with a decline in mobility, joint problems, weakened muscles and bones, reduced lean body mass, cancer, increased dermatological problems, decline in cognitive ability, reduced energy, decreased immune function, decreased renal function, and urinary incontinence. Each of these conditions is also associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. An inflammatory state characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory markers including but not restricted to tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein (CRP) is believed to contribute to or worsen a general decline in biological mechanisms responsible for physical function with aging. Nutritional management of inflammation in aging dogs is important in maintaining health. In particular, natural botanicals have bioactive components that appear to have robust anti-inflammatory effects and, when included in the diet, may contribute to a reduction in inflammation. While there are scientific data to support the anti-inflammatory effects and the efficacy of such bioactive molecules from botanicals, the clinical data are limited and more studies are needed to validate the efficacy of these ingredients. This review will summarize the role of dietary ingredients in reducing inflammatory molecules as well as review the evidence available to support the role of diet and nutrition in reducing chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in animal and human studies with a special reference to canines, where possible.

scholarly journals Maternal C-Reactive Protein for Detection of Chorioamnionitis: an Appraisal

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viroj Wiwanitkit
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Premature delivery is still a significant problem in obstetrics, and chorioamnionitis is an unwelcome complication. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a circulating marker of low-grade inflammation and the role of its measurement in clinical practice remains unclear for many conditions. It has been claimed that estimation of CRP is helpful in the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, and this study aims to appraise such claims. Following review of the literature, six reports were recruited for further metanalysis, including 466 cases. The overall prevalence of chorioamnionitis was 41% (191/466). The overall diagnostic activity showed sensitivity, specificity, false-positives and false-negatives of 72.8%, 76.4%, 23.6% and 27.2%, respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that estimation of maternal CRP is not helpful in the detection of chorioamnionitis, compared with standard investigations.

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