scholarly journals Inflammation-Accelerated Senescence and the Cardiovascular System: Mechanisms and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Del Pinto ◽  
Claudio Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Dna Targeting ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Low-grade chronic inflammation is a common denominator in atherogenesis and related diseases. Solid evidence supports the occurrence of an impairment in the innate and adaptive immune system with senescence, favoring the development of acute and chronic age-related diseases. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD), in particular, are a leading cause of death even at older ages. Inflammation-associated mechanisms that contribute to CVD development include dysregulated redox and metabolic pathways, genetic modifications, and infections/dysbiosis. In this review, we will recapitulate the determinants and consequences of the immune system dysfunction at older age, with particular focus on the CV system. We will examine the currently available and potential future strategies to counteract accelerated CV aging, i.e., nutraceuticals, probiotics, caloric restriction, physical activity, smoking and alcohol cessation, control of low-grade inflammation sources, senolytic and senescence-modulating drugs, and DNA-targeting drugs.

scholarly journals A Role of Inflammation and Immunity in Essential Hypertension—Modeled and Analyzed Using Petri Nets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3348
Author(s):  
Dorota Formanowicz ◽  
Agnieszka Rybarczyk ◽  
Marcin Radom ◽  
Piotr Formanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Recent studies have shown that the innate and adaptive immune system, together with low-grade inflammation, may play an important role in essential hypertension. In this work, to verify the importance of selected factors for the development of essential hypertension, we created a Petri net-based model and analyzed it. The analysis was based mainly on t-invariants, knockouts of selected fragments of the net and its simulations. The blockade of the renin-angiotensin (RAA) system revealed that the most significant effect on the emergence of essential hypertension has RAA activation. This blockade affects: (1) the formation of angiotensin II, (2) inflammatory process (by influencing C-reactive protein (CRP)), (3) the initiation of blood coagulation, (4) bradykinin generation via the kallikrein-kinin system, (5) activation of lymphocytes in hypertension, (6) the participation of TNF alpha in the activation of the acute phase response, and (7) activation of NADPH oxidase—a key enzyme of oxidative stress. On the other hand, we found that the blockade of the activation of the RAA system may not eliminate hypertension that can occur due to disturbances associated with the osmotically independent binding of Na in the interstitium. Moreover, we revealed that inflammation alone is not enough to trigger primary hypertension, but it can coexist with it. We believe that our research may contribute to a better understanding of the pathology of hypertension. It can help identify potential subprocesses, which blocking will allow better control of essential hypertension.

scholarly journals Interplay between the Adaptive Immune System and Insulin Resistance in Weight Loss Induced by Bariatric Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Romeo Villarreal-Calderón ◽  
Ricardo X. Cuéllar ◽  
Martín R. Ramos-González ◽  
Nestor Rubio-Infante ◽  
Elena C. Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Low-grade chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role among other pathophysiological mechanisms involved in obesity. Innate and adaptive immune cells undergo systemic proinflammatory polarization that gives rise to an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which in turn leads to insulin resistance. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity, as it brings on significant weight loss, glucose metabolism improvement, and a decrease in systemic inflammation biomarkers. After bariatric surgery, several changes have been reported to occur in adaptive immunity, including reduction in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, a decrease in the Th1/Th2 ratio, an increase in B regulatory cells, and reduction in proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Overall, there seems to be a major shift in several lymphocyte populations from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, increased antioxidant activity and reduced lipid and DNA oxidation products have been reported after bariatric surgery in circulating mononuclear cells. This paper highlights the shift in the adaptive immune system in response to weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, as well as the interplay between immunological and metabolic adaptations as a result of bariatric surgery. Finally, based on data from research, we propose several mechanisms such as changes in adaptive immune cell phenotypes and their by-products, recruitment in adipose tissue, reduced oxidative stress, and modification in metabolic substrate availability as drivers to reduce low-grade chronic inflammation after bariatric surgery in severe obesity.

scholarly journals Uremia-Associated Ageing of the Thymus and Adaptive Immune Responses

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Michiel GH Betjes
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Esrd Patients

Progressive loss of renal function is associated with a series of changes of the adaptive immune system which collectively constitute premature immunological ageing. This phenomenon contributes significantly to the mortality and morbidity of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In this review, the effect of ESRD on the T cell part of the adaptive immune system is highlighted. Naïve T cell lymphopenia, in combination with the expansion of highly differentiated memory T cells, are the hallmarks of immunological ageing. The decreased production of newly formed T cells by the thymus is critically involved. This affects both the CD4 and CD8 T cell compartment and may contribute to the expansion of memory T cells. The expanding populations of memory T cells have a pro-inflammatory phenotype, add to low-grade inflammation already present in ESRD patients and destabilize atherosclerotic plaques. The effect of loss of renal function on the thymus is not reversed after restoring renal function by kidney transplantation and constitutes a long-term mortality risk factor. Promising results from animal experiments have shown that rejuvenation of the thymus is a possibility, although not yet applicable in humans.

scholarly journals The Role of Immunosenescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Costantini ◽  
Chiara D’Angelo ◽  
Marcella Reale
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Thymic Involution ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Aging is characterized by the progressive decline of physiological function and tissue homeostasis leading to increased vulnerability, degeneration, and death. Aging-related changes of the innate and adaptive immune system include decline in the preservation and enhancement of many immune functions, such as changes in the number of circulating monocytic and dendritic cells, thymic involution, T cell polyfunctionality, or production of proinflammatory cytokines, and are defined as immunosenescence. Inflammatory functions are increased with age, causing the chronic low-grade inflammation, referred to as inflamm-aging, that contribute, together with immunosenescence, to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the link between the immune and nervous systems and how the immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.

Immunology of Late-Life Psychiatric Disorders and Dementias

2018 ◽  
pp. 251-266
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Rocha ◽  
Erica Leandro Vieira ◽  
Breno Satler Diniz ◽  
Antonio L. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Inflammatory Changes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Age Related Changes

Aging is a complex process associated with significant physiological functions across all body systems, especially the immune system. The age-related changes in the immune system are collectively known as immunosenescence. As a consequence of immunosenescence, advanced age is characterized by a decrease in the ability to cope with stressors. The multifaceted immunosenescence profile includes a constitutive low-grade inflammation, a phenomenon known as inflammaging. This low-grade chronic inflammation observed in aging may contribute to the development and/or progression of age-related chronic diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, we discuss the age-related immune/inflammatory changes observed in late-life psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Immune Aging and Immunotherapy in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7016
Author(s):  
Melanie Kaiser ◽  
Maria Donatella Semeraro ◽  
Markus Herrmann ◽  
Gudrun Absenger ◽  
Armin Gerger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Age Related

Immune functions decline as we age, while the incidence of cancer rises. The advent of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has not only revolutionized cancer therapy, but also spawned great interest in identifying predictive biomarkers, since only one third of patients show treatment response. The aging process extensively affects the adaptive immune system and thus T cells, which are the main target of ICB. In this review, we address age-related changes regarding the adaptive immune system with a focus on T cells and their implication on carcinogenesis and ICB. Differences between senescence, exhaustion, and anergy are defined and current knowledge, treatment strategies, and studies exploring T cell aging as a biomarker for ICB are discussed. Finally, novel approaches to improve immunotherapies and to identify biomarkers of response to ICB are presented and their potential is assessed in a comparative analysis.

Evolution and age characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
◽  
E.A. Agafonova ◽  
N.I. Abaturova ◽  
V.L. Babich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune
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