scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in the Biological Effects of PM2.5 from Greater Cairo

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 4970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Marchetti ◽  
Salwa K. Hassan ◽  
Waleed H. Shetaya ◽  
Asmaa El-Mekawy ◽  
Elham F. Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Greater Cairo ◽  
Particle Extraction

Greater Cairo (Egypt) is a megalopolis where the studies of the air pollution events are of extremely high relevance, for the geographical-climatological aspects, the anthropogenic emissions and the health impact. While preliminary studies on the particulate matter (PM) chemical composition in Greater Cairo have been performed, no data are yet available on the PM’s toxicity. In this work, the in vitro toxicity of the fine PM (PM2.5) sampled in an urban area of Greater Cairo during 2017–2018 was studied. The PM2.5 samples collected during spring, summer, autumn and winter were preliminary characterized to determine the concentrations of ionic species, elements and organic PM (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs). After particle extraction from filters, the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects were evaluated in human lung A549 cells. The results showed that particles collected during the colder seasons mainly induced the xenobiotic metabolizing system and the consequent antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine release responses. Biological events positively correlated to PAHs and metals representative of a combustion-derived pollution. PM2.5 from the warmer seasons displayed a direct effect on cell cycle progression, suggesting possible genotoxic effects. In conclusion, a correlation between the biological effects and PM2.5 physico-chemical properties in the area of study might be useful for planning future strategies aiming to improve air quality and lower health hazards.

scholarly journals Elicited ROS Scavenging Activity, Photoprotective, and Wound-Healing Properties of Collagen-Derived Peptides from the Marine Sponge Chondrosia reniformis

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Pozzolini ◽  
Enrico Millo ◽  
Caterina Oliveri ◽  
Serena Mirata ◽  
Annalisa Salis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Marine Sponge ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysates

Recently, the bioactive properties of marine collagen and marine collagen hydrolysates have been demonstrated. Although there is some literature assessing the general chemical features and biocompatibility of collagen extracts from marine sponges, no data are available on the biological effects of sponge collagen hydrolysates for biomedical and/or cosmetic purposes. Here, we studied the in vitro toxicity, antioxidant, wound-healing, and photoprotective properties of four HPLC-purified fractions of trypsin-digested collagen extracts—marine collagen hydrolysates (MCHs)—from the marine sponge C. reniformis. The results showed that the four MCHs have no degree of toxicity on the cell lines analyzed; conversely, they were able to stimulate cell growth. They showed a significant antioxidant activity both in cell-free assays as well as in H2O2 or quartz-stimulated macrophages, going from 23% to 60% of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity for the four MCHs. Finally, an in vitro wound-healing test was performed with fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and the survival of both cells was evaluated after UV radiation. In both experiments, MCHs showed significant results, increasing the proliferation speed and protecting from UV-induced cell death. Overall, these data open the way to the use of C. reniformis MCHs in drug and cosmetic formulations for damaged or photoaged skin repair.

scholarly journals Effects of RAC1 on Proliferation of Hen Ovarian Prehierarchical Follicle Granulosa Cells

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1589
Author(s):  
Thobela Louis Tyasi ◽  
Xue Sun ◽  
Xuesong Shan ◽  
Simushi Liswaniso ◽  
Ignatius Musenge Chimbaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Chicken Ovary ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Follicle Selection

RAC1 belongs to the small G protein Rho subfamily and is implicated in regulating gene expression, cell proliferation and differentiation in mammals and humans; nevertheless, the function of RAC1 in growth and development of hen ovarian follicles is still unclear. This study sought to understand the biological effects of RAC1 on granulosa cell (GC) proliferation and differentiation of hen ovarian prehierarchical follicles. Firstly, our results showed expression levels of RAC1 mRNA in the follicles with diameters of 7.0–8.0 mm, 6.0–6.9 mm and 1.0–3.9 mm were greater than other follicles (p < 0.05). The RAC1 protein was mainly expressed in oocyte and its around GCs and stromal tissues of the prehierarchical follicles by immunohistochemistry. Further investigation revealed the RAC1 gene remarkably enhanced the mRNA and protein expression levels of FSHR (a marker of follicle selection), CCND2 (a marker of cell-cycle progression and GC differentiation), PCNA (a marker of GC proliferation), StAR and CYP11A1 (markers of GC differentiation and steroidogenesis) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, our data demonstrated siRNA interference of RAC1 significantly reduced GC proliferation (p < 0.05), while RAC1 gene overexpression enhanced GC proliferation in vitro (p < 0.05). Collectively, this study provided new evidence that the biological effects of RAC1 on GC proliferation, differentiation and steroidogenesis of chicken ovary follicles.

About Mechanisms of Biological Activity of the Nano- and Microparticles of Natural Minerals in the Experiment

10.12737/2753 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-165
Author(s):  
Сергиевич ◽  
A. Sergievich ◽  
Чайка ◽  
Vladimir Chayka ◽  
Голохваст ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Functional Condition ◽  
World Science ◽  
Natural Minerals ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical

There are both in the domestic and the world science a discussion about the biological activity of water-insoluble solid microparticles technogenous and natural. These interactions are studied in the context of the professional pathology, hygiene and nanotoxicology. The purpose of this research was to study the mechanisms of action of particles of natural minerals of various sizes on biological systems. The paper is based on the applied modern methods which allow to determine the degree of interaction of microelements with the functional systems of the organism. Analysis of the results showed that the application of these methods has a number of shortcomings in the experiments in vivo and in vitro, associated with the physical and chemical features of zeolites. It is established that under cultivation in 6- and 24-hole tablets, the zeolite in a dose of 50 mg/ml covers all the cells attached to the glass. In the fields of view of the cells are practically invisible. Thus, an assessment of toxic effects or functional condition of the cells is not possible. Zeolite being water-insoluble compound wich is not subjected to the pipetting. At the delete zeolite of culture, there is practically full elimination of cells from the hole. Accumulation of the primary information about the biological effects of nano - and microparticles is extremely important. This allows the authors to make some conclusions, but the decision of a question on the mechanism of biological activity, especially the prediction of some properties of particles without the study of physical-chemical properties of the particles isn&#180;t possible.

scholarly journals Antiproliferative and Enzyme Docking Analysis of Engleromycin from Engleromyces goetzei

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Guilin Chen ◽  
Hong Ma ◽  
Mingquan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Antiproliferative Activity ◽  
Topoisomerase Ii ◽  
Antitumor Agents ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Human Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Ht 29

Engleromyces goetzei P. Henn. (E. goetzei) has been widely used as a traditional herb for many years in Kenya due to its diverse biological effects. Although engleromycin was first isolated from E. goetzei in 1980, its pharmacological activity is still unknown. In this study, engleromycin from E. goetzei was identified by spectroscopic analyses, and subsequently examined for its antiproliferative activity using human cancer cell lines of SGC-7901, HT-29, HeLa and A549. As a result, it was revealed that engleromycin strongly inhibited the growth of SGC-7901, HT-29, HeLa and A549 cells with IC50 values at 26.77 ± 1.69 µM, 7.73 ± 0.18 µM, 7.00 ± 0.12 µM and 3.14 ± 0.03 µM, respectively. The results of topoisomerase II (Top II) inhibition assay in vitro implied that engleromycin might be a Top II inhibitor. Further insights into the potential mechanism of antiproliferative activity displayed that engleromycin could dock into the binding pockets of Top II, like the clinical inhibitor doxorubicin, and then inhibit the biological activity of Top II. Taken together, our findings suggest that engleromycin has an anticancer potential, and may serve as a leading compound for the development of antitumor agents.

scholarly journals A Systematic Study of the Cryogenic Milling of Chrysotile Asbestos

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4826
Author(s):  
Valentina Scognamiglio ◽  
Dario Di Giuseppe ◽  
Magdalena Lassinantti Gualtieri ◽  
Laura Tomassetti ◽  
Alessandro F. Gualtieri
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Length ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Cryogenic Milling ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Invariant Properties

For more than 40 years, intensive research has been devoted to shedding light on the mechanisms of asbestos toxicity. Given the key role of fibre length in the mechanisms of asbestos toxicity, much work has been devoted to finding suitable comminution routes to produce fibres in desired size intervals. A promising method is cryogenic milling that, unlike other mechanical size reduction techniques, preserves the crystal–chemical properties of materials. In this study, the effect of cryogenic milling on the physical–chemical properties of commercial Russian chrysotile was studied in order to produce precise size fractions with invariant properties compared to the pristine fibres. In particular, two batches with fibres > 5 µm and <5 µm were prepared, as this limit sets their potential toxicity. The results are fundamental for future in vitro toxicity testing of this commercial product, widely used in chrysotile-friendly countries but not yet adequately studied. Results show that fibre length can be controlled by milling time under cryogenic conditions without inducing structural defects or amorphization; short fibres (95% L < 5 µm) can be obtained by cryogenic milling for 40 min, while 10 min is enough to yield long chrysotile fibres (90% L > 5 µm).

Preparation of nanoparticle dispersions for in-vitro toxicity testing

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vippola ◽  
GCM Falck ◽  
HK Lindberg ◽  
S. Suhonen ◽  
E. Vanhala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Titanium Dioxides

Studies on potential toxicity of engineered nanoparticle (ENP) in biological systems require a proper and accurate particle characterization to ensure the reproducibility of the results and to understand biological effects of ENP. A full characterization of ENP should include various measurements such as particle size and size distribution, shape and morphology, crystallinity, composition, surface chemistry, and surface area of ENP. It is also important to characterize the state of ENP dispersions. In this study, four different ENPs, rutile and anatase titanium dioxides and short single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, were characterized in two dispersion media: bronchial epithelial growth medium, used for bronchial epithelial BEAS cells, and RPMI-1640 culture media with 10% of fetal calf serum (FCS) for human mesothelial (MeT-5A) cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of ENPs and their dispersions as well as to compare dispersion additives suitable for toxicity tests and thus establish an appropriate way to prepare dispersions that performs well with the selected ENP. Dispersion additives studied in the media were bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein resource, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as a model lung surfactant, and combination of BSA and DPPC. Dispersions were characterized using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that protein addition, BSA or FCS, in cell culture media generated small agglomerates of primary particles with narrow size variations and improved the stability of the dispersions and thus also the relevance of the in-vitro genotoxicity tests to be done.

scholarly journals In Vitro Toxicity of TiO2:SiO2 Nanocomposites with Different Photocatalytic Properties

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Bengalli ◽  
Simona Ortelli ◽  
Magda Blosi ◽  
Anna Costa ◽  
Paride Mantecca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Cell Cycle Alteration ◽  
Silica Dioxide

The enormous technological relevance of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and the consequent concerns regarding potentially hazardous effects that exposure during production, use, and disposal can generate, encourage material scientists to develop and validate intrinsically safe design solution (safe-by-design). Under this perspective, the encapsulation in a silica dioxide (SiO2) matrix could be an effective strategy to improve TiO2 NPs safety, preserving photocatalytic and antibacterial properties. In this work, A549 cells were used to investigate the toxic effects of silica-encapsulated TiO2 having different ratios of TiO2 and SiO2 (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). NPs were characterized by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, and cell viability, oxidative stress, morphological changes, and cell cycle alteration were evaluated. Resulting data demonstrated that NPs with lower content of SiO2 are able to induce cytotoxic effects, triggered by oxidative stress and resulting in cell necrosis and cell cycle alteration. The physicochemical properties of NPs are responsible for their toxicity. Particles with small size and high stability interact with pulmonary cells more effectively, and the different ratio among silica and titania plays a crucial role in the induced cytotoxicity. These results strengthen the need to take into account a safe(r)-by-design approach in the development of new nanomaterials for research and manufacturing.

In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in A549 cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1824-1825
Author(s):  
Shihan Zhang ◽  
Jinfang Sun ◽  
Meng Tang
Keyword(s):  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity

scholarly journals In vitro toxicity model: Upgrades to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical research

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eneko Madorran ◽  
Andraž Stožer ◽  
Sebastjan Bevc ◽  
Uroš Maver
Keyword(s):  
Drug Toxicity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Toxicity Screening ◽  
Control And Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides extensive data that indicate our need for drugs to maintain human population health. Despite the substantial availability of drugs on the market, many patients lack specific drugs. New drugs are required to tackle this issue. Moreover, we need more reliable models for testing drug toxicity, as too many drug approval failures occur with the current models. This article briefly describes various approaches of the currently used models for toxicity screening, to justify the selection of in vitro cell-based models. Cell-based toxicity models have the best potential to reliably predict drug toxicity in humans, as they are developed using the cells of the target organism. However, currently, a large gap exists between in vitro cell-based approach to toxicity testing and the clinical approach, which may be contributing to drug approval failures. We propose improvements to in vitro cell-based toxicity models, which is often an insight approach, to better match this approach with the clinical homeostatic approach. This should enable a more accurate comparison of data between the preclinical as well as clinical models and provide a more comprehensive understanding of human physiology and biological effects of drugs.

scholarly journals Control of CCND1 ubiquitylation by the catalytic SAGA subunit USP22 is essential for cell cycle progression through G1 in cancer cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (40) ◽  
pp. E9298-E9307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria J. Gennaro ◽  
Timothy J. Stanek ◽  
Amy R. Peck ◽  
Yunguang Sun ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Aggressive Cancer ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Cancer Phenotypes ◽  
Metastasis Therapy

Overexpression of the deubiquitylase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) is a marker of aggressive cancer phenotypes like metastasis, therapy resistance, and poor survival. Functionally, this overexpression of USP22 actively contributes to tumorigenesis, as USP22 depletion blocks cancer cell cycle progression in vitro, and inhibits tumor progression in animal models of lung, breast, bladder, ovarian, and liver cancer, among others. Current models suggest that USP22 mediates these biological effects via its role in epigenetic regulation as a subunit of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) transcriptional cofactor complex. Challenging the dogma, we report here a nontranscriptional role for USP22 via a direct effect on the core cell cycle machinery: that is, the deubiquitylation of the G1 cyclin D1 (CCND1). Deubiquitylation by USP22 protects CCND1 from proteasome-mediated degradation and occurs separately from the canonical phosphorylation/ubiquitylation mechanism previously shown to regulate CCND1 stability. We demonstrate that control of CCND1 is a key mechanism by which USP22 mediates its known role in cell cycle progression. Finally, USP22 and CCND1 levels correlate in patient lung and colorectal cancer samples and our preclinical studies indicate that targeting USP22 in combination with CDK inhibitors may offer an approach for treating cancer patients whose tumors exhibit elevated CCND1.

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