scholarly journals Aphid-Triggered Changes in Oxidative Damage Markers of Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Lipids in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Sytykiewicz ◽  
Iwona Łukasik ◽  
Sylwia Goławska ◽  
Grzegorz Chrzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
Maize Genotype ◽  
Epg Technique ◽  
The Impact

Prior experiments illustrated reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in maize plants infested with bird-cherry-oat (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) aphids. However, there is no available data unveiling the impact of aphids feeding on oxidative damages of crucial macromolecules in maize tissues. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the scale of oxidative damages of genomic DNA, total RNA and mRNA, proteins, and lipids in seedling leaves of two maize genotypes (Złota Karłowa and Waza cvs—susceptible and relatively resistant to the aphids, respectively). The content of oxidized guanosine residues (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG) in genomic DNA, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) in RNA molecules, protein carbonyl groups, total thiols (T-SH), protein-bound thiols (PB-SH), non-protein thiols (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) levels in maze plants were determined. In addition, the electrical penetration graphs (EPG) technique was used to monitor and the aphid stylet positioning and feeding modes in the hosts. Maize seedlings were infested with 0 (control), 30 or 60 R. padi adult apterae per plant. Substantial increases in the levels of RNA, protein and lipid oxidation markers in response to aphid herbivory, but no significant oxidative damages of genomic DNA, were found. Alterations in the studied parameters were dependent on maize genotype, insect abundance and infestation time.

scholarly journals Effect of the cereal aphid infestation on the oxidative damages of protein in the maize (Zea mays L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Iwona Łukasik ◽  
Hubert Sytykiewicz ◽  
Sylwia Goławska
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Protein Thiols ◽  
Time Of Feeding

We studied the effect of the cereal aphid (the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. and grain aphid Sitobion avenae F.) infestations on the oxidative damages of protein in the maize (Zea mays L., cultivar Touran) seedlings. We found that the content of protein thiols and protein bound carbonyls were dependent from study factors: time of feeding, the number of aphids and species. In relation to uninfested plants (control), prolonged insect (R. padi and S. avenae) feeding (24–96 h post infestations) was linked to depletion in levels of protein thiols in foliar tissues of maize genotype and accumulation after 96 h post infestations in maize seedlings investigated by higher number of aphids, protein bound carbonyls. Our results indicated that the biotic stress factors, including aphids evoke the oxidation of protein in the maize. The stronger protein damages occurred in the maize seedlings infested with oligophagous R .padi females.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dietary Compounds in Functional Foods on MicroRNAs Expression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wittaya Chaiwangyen
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Cellular Mirnas ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
The Impact

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding endogenous RNA molecules that are involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing via binding to their target messenger RNA, leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. MicroRNAs can be modulated by several factors including hormones, transcription factors, and dietary compounds. These biologically active compounds have positive impact on the progression of human pathology including non-communicable diseases, which indicating that administration of diet may have potential as therapeutic agents in modulating the risk of chronic diseases. Interestingly, evidence emerging in recent years suggests that dietary miRNAs can be absorbed in human circulation, modulated human gene expression and biological functions. The exploitation of the miRNA functioning within different origins, cellular miRNAs and dietary miRNAs will help us to understand the molecular machinery as well as the regulatory mechanisms involved in fundamentally important biological processes. Therefore, this knowledge may be applied of natural bioactive compounds in preventive or therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Influence of Genotype, Site, and Year on Maize Nutritive Value – Yield Relationships

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
J. Hakl ◽  
R. Loučka ◽  
J. Jirmanová ◽  
V. Jambor
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Maize Genotype

Abstract Maize genotype selection represents a practical tool influencing forage yield and quality. The main objective was to investigate the contribution of genotype, site, and year to variability of maize yield and quality in the environment of Central Europe. Totally 63 maize genotypes at 11 sites over a 7-year period were evaluated for dry matter yield (DMY), dry matter content (DM), starch, cob, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), in situ digestibility of stover NDF (NDFD), and organic matter (OMD). The genotype showed the highest variability from all factors where stover NDFD varied from 261 to 529 g kg-1 and stover OMD from 376 to 609 g kg-1. In contrast to the whole-plant, variability of stover traits was more closely related to NDF than the DM content. Under standardized plant DM, all tested factors were significant and allowed interpretation of 70 and 60% of total variation of yield and quality for stover and whole plant, respectively. The average contributions of genotype, site, and year were 30, 7, and 5%, respectively. For variability in plant productivity and nutritive value, the importance of maize genotype selection was more than two times higher than the contribution of environment.

scholarly journals Protein carbonyls and protein thiols in rheumatoid arthritis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pullaiah P. ◽  
Suchitra M. M. ◽  
Siddhartha Kumar B.
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Carbonyl Content ◽  
Protein Thiol ◽  
Protein Carbonyl Content ◽  
Protein Thiols

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) has an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OS causes protein modification, thereby impairing the biological functions of the protein. This study was conducted to assess the oxidatively modified protein as protein carbonyl content and the antioxidant status as protein thiols, and to study the association between protein carbonyls and protein thiols in RA.Methods: Newly diagnosed RA patients who were not taking any disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were included into the study group (n=45) along with age and sex matched healthy controls (n=45). Serum protein carbonyl content and protein thiols were estimated.Results: Elevated protein carbonyl content and decreased protein thiol levels (p<0.001) were observed in RA. A significant negative correlation was observed between protein carbonyl content and protein thiol levels (p<0.001).Conclusions: Oxidative stress in RA is evidenced by enhanced protein oxidation and decreased antioxidant protein thiol levels. Decreased protein thiols may also reflect protein modifications leading to compromise in the antioxidant properties. This oxidant and antioxidant imbalance needs to be addressed by therapeutic interventions to prevent disease progression.

scholarly journals Water Stress Influence on The Vegetative Period Yield Components of Different Maize Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Cassyo de Araujo Rufino ◽  
Jucilayne Fernandes-Vieira ◽  
Jesús Martín-Gil ◽  
José Abreu Júnior ◽  
Lizandro Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stress Influence

Maize is an important food staple in many countries, and is useful in animal feed and many industrial applications. Its productivity is highly sensitive to drought stress, which may occur at any period during its growth cycle. The objective of this work was to compare the water stress influence on the performance of different maize genotypes in critical vegetative stages. Four genotypes of maize (namely a single-cross hybrid (AG 9045), a double-cross hybrid (AG 9011), a triple-cross hybrid (AG 5011), and a variety (AL Bandeirante)) were subjected to a 10-day period without irrigation in the vegetative stages that determine the number of kernel rows and the plant’s ability to take up nutrients and water (V4, V6 and V8). The impact of low water availability was assessed by analyzing plant height, height of the first ear insertion, stem diameter, yield per plant, and number of rows per ear, evincing that the yield per plant was the most sensitive parameter in all the stages. With regard to the influence of the genotype, the single-cross hybrid was demonstrated to be the most resilient to water shortage.

scholarly journals Human microRNAs in host–parasite interaction: a review

3 Biotech ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay Paul ◽  
Luis M. Ruiz-Manriquez ◽  
Francisco I. Serrano-Cano ◽  
Carolina Estrada-Meza ◽  
Karla A. Solorio-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host−parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.

Physical Principles Underlying the Complex Biology of Intracellular Phase Transitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong-Mo Choi ◽  
Alex S. Holehouse ◽  
Rohit V. Pappu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Associative Polymers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Condensate Formation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physical Principles

Many biomolecular condensates appear to form via spontaneous or driven processes that have the hallmarks of intracellular phase transitions. This suggests that a common underlying physical framework might govern the formation of functionally and compositionally unrelated biomolecular condensates. In this review, we summarize recent work that leverages a stickers-and-spacers framework adapted from the field of associative polymers for understanding how multivalent protein and RNA molecules drive phase transitions that give rise to biomolecular condensates. We discuss how the valence of stickers impacts the driving forces for condensate formation and elaborate on how stickers can be distinguished from spacers in different contexts. We touch on the impact of sticker- and spacer-mediated interactions on the rheological properties of condensates and show how the model can be mapped to known drivers of different types of biomolecular condensates.

145 THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN BOVINE Xist, Impact, NDN, AND H19 GENES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
N. T. D'Cruz ◽  
K. J. Wilson ◽  
M. K. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Bisulfite Sequencing ◽  
Cpg Island ◽  
Methylation Pattern ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Aberrant Methylation ◽  
Differentially Methylated Regions ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Clinical and laboratory-assisted reproductive techniques such as ICSI have recently been associated with an increased incidence of several syndromes associated with defects in genomic imprinting. Genomically imprinted genes are expressed from only one parental allele and act to regulate growth of the fetus and placenta and brain development/ function. Imprinted genes are controlled by differentially methylated regions (DMRs), whereby one parental allelle (i.e. either maternal or paternal) is epigenetically silenced via methylation. Studies conducted in vitro suggest that culture of embryos and embryo manipulations may perturb the imprinting process. In the current study, the genomic DNA methylation patterns of CpG islands within bovine H19 (27 CpGs analyzed), Impact (36 CpGs), NDN (22 CpGs), and Xist (21 CpGs) were analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. Genomic DNA from a female fibroblast cell line and sperm were chosen for analysis. Potential DMRs for the 4 genes were identified, and semi-nested PCR primers were designed surrounding those regions. Second-round PCR products (2 separate reactions) were mixed, subcloned, and sequenced (n ≥ 10). The fibroblast methylation pattern of the Xist DMR showed consistent methylation in 50% of sequenced clones, with no methylation observed in sperm. The H19 DMR in fibroblast DNA also showed consistent methylation in 25% of sequenced clones, with sperm DNA fully methylated. These results confirm previous studies showing that Xist and H19 are imprinted in cattle. Sequencing of the putative Impact DMR clones indicated no methylation in either cell type, suggesting no imprinting in cattle, tissue-specific imprinting, or that this CpG island (15 bp post ATG) is not the DMR that controls imprinted expression of the Impact gene. The NDN DMR (500 bp post ATG) in sperm was not methylated, whereas the fibroblast cells had a variable methylation pattern. This may be for the same reasons suggested for Impact, but the variability within the CpG island may also be due to in vitro culture conditions resulting in aberrant methylation. This possible culture effect is currently being confirmed through bisulfite sequencing of the gene in an adult tissue. The investigation of methylation patterns in oocytes is also underway. Together, the information gathered will be used to determine the imprinting status of several bovine genes and, in the future, whether any of these imprinted genes are responsible for the increased pregnancy loss and calf abnormalities associated with advanced reproductive technologies.

The impact of epitranscriptomic marks on post-transcriptional regulation in plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yu ◽  
Bishwas Sharma ◽  
Brian D Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Rna Modifications ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Specific Mrnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Ribonucleotides within the various RNA molecules in eukaryotes are marked with more than 160 distinct covalent chemical modifications. These modifications include those that occur internally in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytosine (m5C), as well as those that occur at the ends of the modified RNAs like the non-canonical 5′ end nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cap modification of specific mRNAs. Recent findings have revealed that covalent RNA modifications can impact the secondary structure, translatability, functionality, stability and degradation of the RNA molecules in which they are included. Many of these covalent RNA additions have also been found to be dynamically added and removed through writer and eraser complexes, respectively, providing a new layer of epitranscriptome-mediated post-transcriptional regulation that regulates RNA quality and quantity in eukaryotic transcriptomes. Thus, it is not surprising that the regulation of RNA fate mediated by these epitranscriptomic marks has been demonstrated to have widespread effects on plant development and the responses of these organisms to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we highlight recent progress focused on the study of the dynamic nature of these epitranscriptome marks and their roles in post-transcriptional regulation during plant development and response to environmental cues, with an emphasis on the mRNA modifications of non-canonical 5′ end NAD+ capping, m6A and several other internal RNA modifications.

scholarly journals A Recently Discovered Maize Polerovirus Causes Leaf Reddening Symptoms in Several Maize Genotypes and is Transmitted by Both the Corn Leaf Aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) and the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi)

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1589-1592
Author(s):  
Lucy R. Stewart ◽  
Jane Todd ◽  
Kristen Willie ◽  
Deogracious Massawe ◽  
Nitika Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Clone ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Maidis ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

A maize-infecting polerovirus variously named maize yellow dwarf virus RMV2 (MYDV-RMV2) and maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) has been discovered and previously described in East Africa, Asia, and South America. It was identified in virus surveys in these locations instigated by outbreaks of maize lethal necrosis (MLN), known to be caused by coinfections of unrelated maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any of several maize-infecting potyviruses, and was often found in coinfections with MLN viruses. Although sequenced in many locations globally and named for symptoms of related or coinfecting viruses, and with an infectious clone reported that experimentally infects Nicotiana benthamiana, rudimentary biological characterization of MaYMV in maize, including insect vector(s) and symptoms in single infections, has not been reported until now. We report isolation from other viruses and leaf tip reddening symptoms in several maize genotypes, along with transmission by two aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Rhopalosiphum maidis. This is important information distinguishing this virus and demonstrating that in single infections it causes symptoms distinct from those of potyviruses or MCMV in maize, and identification of vectors provides an important framework for determination of potential disease impact and management.

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