scholarly journals Innate Immune Cells and Toll-like Receptor–Dependent Responses at the Maternal–Fetal Interface

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Olmos-Ortiz ◽  
Pilar Flores-Espinosa ◽  
Ismael Mancilla-Herrera ◽  
Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez ◽  
Lorenza Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Decidual Cells ◽  
Hofbauer Cells ◽  
Peptide Expression ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide Expression ◽  
Maternal Fetal Interface

During pregnancy, the placenta, the mother and the fetus exploit several mechanisms in order to avoid fetal rejection and to maintain an immunotolerant environment throughout nine months. During this time, immune cells from the fetal and maternal compartments interact to provide an adequate defense in case of an infection and to promote a tolerogenic milieu for the fetus to develop peacefully. Trophoblasts and decidual cells, together with resident natural killer cells, dendritic cells, Hofbauer cells and other macrophages, among other cell types, contribute to the modulation of the uterine environment to sustain a successful pregnancy. In this review, the authors outlined some of the various roles that the innate immune system plays at the maternal–fetal interface. First, the cell populations that are recruited into gestational tissues and their immune mechanisms were examined. In the second part, the Toll–like receptor (TLR)–dependent immune responses at the maternal–fetal interface was summarized, in terms of their specific cytokine/chemokine/antimicrobial peptide expression profiles throughout pregnancy.

scholarly journals Gatekeepers of the fetus: Characterization of placental macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Megli ◽  
Carolyn B. Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Hofbauer Cells ◽  
Placental Macrophages ◽  
Maternal Fetal Interface

In this issue of JEM, Thomas et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200891) provide elegant technological and conceptual advances that further our understanding of the immune cells enriched at the maternal–fetal interface. Using new isolation strategies to better separate maternal- and fetal-derived cells, the authors identify previously undefined maternal-derived immune cells associated with the fetal-derived placenta and provide an in-depth analysis of the markers and characteristics of placental Hofbauer cells.

scholarly journals Engineering advanced logic and distributed computing in human CAR immune cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jang Hwan Cho ◽  
Atsushi Okuma ◽  
Katri Sofjan ◽  
Seunghee Lee ◽  
James J. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Phenotypes ◽  
Car T ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Multiple Immune Cell

AbstractThe immune system is a sophisticated network of different cell types performing complex biocomputation at single-cell and consortium levels. The ability to reprogram such an interconnected multicellular system holds enormous promise in treating various diseases, as exemplified by the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells as cancer therapy. However, most CAR designs lack computation features and cannot reprogram multiple immune cell types in a coordinated manner. Here, leveraging our split, universal, and programmable (SUPRA) CAR system, we develop an inhibitory feature, achieving a three-input logic, and demonstrate that this programmable system is functional in diverse adaptive and innate immune cells. We also create an inducible multi-cellular NIMPLY circuit, kill switch, and a synthetic intercellular communication channel. Our work highlights that a simple split CAR design can generate diverse and complex phenotypes and provide a foundation for engineering an immune cell consortium with user-defined functionalities.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist and Bacteria Trigger Potent Activation of Innate Immune Cells in Human Liver

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e1004210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juandy Jo ◽  
Anthony T. Tan ◽  
James E. Ussher ◽  
Elena Sandalova ◽  
Xin-Zi Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Toll Like Receptor

scholarly journals Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Modulating Trained Immunity by Various Cell Types in Response to Pathogen Encounter

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando A. Acevedo ◽  
Roslye V. Berrios ◽  
Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte ◽  
Bastián Lillo-Dapremont ◽  
Alexis M. Kalergis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Trained Immunity

The induction of trained immunity represents an emerging concept defined as the ability of innate immune cells to acquire a memory phenotype, which is a typical hallmark of the adaptive response. Key points modulated during the establishment of trained immunity include epigenetic, metabolic and functional changes in different innate-immune and non-immune cells. Regarding to epigenetic changes, it has been described that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) act as molecular scaffolds to allow the assembly of chromatin-remodeling complexes that catalyze epigenetic changes on chromatin. On the other hand, relevant metabolic changes that occur during this process include increased glycolytic rate and the accumulation of metabolites from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which subsequently regulate the activity of histone-modifying enzymes that ultimately drive epigenetic changes. Functional consequences of established trained immunity include enhanced cytokine production, increased antigen presentation and augmented antimicrobial responses. In this article, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the ability of different cell subsets to acquire a trained immune phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in triggering such a response. This knowledge will be helpful for the development of broad-spectrum therapies against infectious diseases based on the modulation of epigenetic and metabolic cues regulating the development of trained immunity.

scholarly journals Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals micro-evolution of the stickleback immune system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E Fuess ◽  
Daniel I Bolnick
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Ecological Processes

Pathogenic infection is an important driver of many ecological processes. Furthermore, variability in immune function is an important driver of differential infection outcomes. New evidence would suggest that immune variation extends to broad cellular structure of immune systems. However, variability at such broad levels is traditionally difficult to detect in non-model systems. Here we leverage single cell transcriptomic approaches to document signatures of microevolution of immune system structure in a natural system, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We sampled nine adult fish from three populations with variability in resistance to a cestode parasite, Schistocephalus solidus, to create the first comprehensive immune cell atlas for G. aculeatus. Eight major immune cell types, corresponding to major vertebrate immune cells, were identified. We were also able to document significant variation in both abundance and expression profiles of the individual immune cell types, among the three populations of fish. This variability may contribute to observed variability in parasite susceptibility. Finally, we demonstrate that identified cell type markers can be used to reinterpret traditional transcriptomic data. Combined our study demonstrates the power of single cell sequencing to not only document evolutionary phenomena (i.e. microevolution of immune cells), but also increase the power of traditional transcriptomic datasets.

scholarly journals The cell biology of inflammation: From common traits to remarkable immunological adaptations

2020 ◽  
Vol 219 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Weavers ◽  
Paul Martin
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Starting Point

Tissue damage triggers a rapid and robust inflammatory response in order to clear and repair a wound. Remarkably, many of the cell biology features that underlie the ability of leukocytes to home in to sites of injury and to fight infection—most of which are topics of intensive current research—were originally observed in various weird and wonderful translucent organisms over a century ago by Elie Metchnikoff, the “father of innate immunity,” who is credited with discovering phagocytes in 1882. In this review, we use Metchnikoff’s seminal lectures as a starting point to discuss the tremendous variety of cell biology features that underpin the function of these multitasking immune cells. Some of these are shared by other cell types (including aspects of motility, membrane trafficking, cell division, and death), but others are more unique features of innate immune cells, enabling them to fulfill their specialized functions, such as encapsulation of invading pathogens, cell–cell fusion in response to foreign bodies, and their self-sacrifice as occurs during NETosis.

scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Crosstalk at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. e4831-e4847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyanxin Sun ◽  
Tania L Gonzalez ◽  
Nan Deng ◽  
Rosemarie DiPentino ◽  
Ekaterina L Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Receptor Ligand ◽  
Fetal Sex ◽  
Ligand Interactions ◽  
Hofbauer Cells ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maternal Fetal Interface

Abstract Context Crosstalk through receptor ligand interactions at the maternal-fetal interface is impacted by fetal sex. This affects placentation in the first trimester and differences in outcomes. Sexually dimorphic signaling at early stages of placentation are not defined. Objective Investigate the impact of fetal sex on maternal-fetal crosstalk. Design Receptors/ligands at the maternal-fetal surface were identified from sexually dimorphic genes between fetal sexes in the first trimester placenta and defined in each cell type using single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq). Setting Academic institution. Samples Late first trimester (~10-13 weeks) placenta (fetal) and decidua (maternal) from uncomplicated ongoing pregnancies. Main outcome measures Transcriptomic profiling at tissue and single-cell level; immunohistochemistry of select proteins. Results We identified 91 sexually dimorphic receptor-ligand pairs across the maternal-fetal interface. We examined fetal sex differences in 5 major cell types (trophoblasts, stromal cells, Hofbauer cells, antigen-presenting cells, and endothelial cells). Ligands from the CC family chemokine ligand (CCL) family were most highly representative in females, with their receptors present on the maternal surface. Sexually dimorphic trophoblast transcripts, Mucin-15 (MUC15) and notum, palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase (NOTUM) were also most highly expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts and extra-villous trophoblasts respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis using sexually dimorphic genes in individual cell types identified cytokine mediated signaling pathways to be most representative in female trophoblasts. Upstream analysis demonstrated TGFB1 and estradiol to affect all cell types, but dihydrotestosterone, produced by the male fetus, was an upstream regulator most significant for the trophoblast population. Conclusions Maternal-fetal crosstalk exhibits sexual dimorphism during placentation early in gestation.

scholarly journals Flagellin A Toll-Like Receptor 5 Agonist as an Adjuvant in Chicken Vaccines

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shishir Kumar Gupta ◽  
Preety Bajwa ◽  
Rajib Deb ◽  
Madhan Mohan Chellappa ◽  
Sohini Dey
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 5 ◽  
Potential Use

ABSTRACTChicken raised under commercial conditions are vulnerable to environmental exposure to a number of pathogens. Therefore, regular vaccination of the flock is an absolute requirement to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. To combat infectious diseases, vaccines require inclusion of effective adjuvants that promote enhanced protection and do not cause any undesired adverse reaction when administered to birds along with the vaccine. With this perspective in mind, there is an increased need for effective better vaccine adjuvants. Efforts are being made to enhance vaccine efficacy by the use of suitable adjuvants, particularly Toll-like receptor (TLR)-based adjuvants. TLRs are among the types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize conserved pathogen molecules. A number of studies have documented the effectiveness of flagellin as an adjuvant as well as its ability to promote cytokine production by a range of innate immune cells. This minireview summarizes our current understanding of flagellin action, its role in inducing cytokine response in chicken cells, and the potential use of flagellin as well as its combination with other TLR ligands as an adjuvant in chicken vaccines.

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