scholarly journals Diversity and Function of Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Cerebral Cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Riedemann
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Neuron Population ◽  
And Function

Inhibitory interneurons make up around 10–20% of the total neuron population in the cerebral cortex. A hallmark of inhibitory interneurons is their remarkable diversity in terms of morphology, synaptic connectivity, electrophysiological and neurochemical properties. It is generally understood that there are three distinct and non-overlapping interneuron classes in the mouse neocortex, namely, parvalbumin-expressing, 5-HT3A receptor-expressing and somatostatin-expressing interneuron classes. Each class is, in turn, composed of a multitude of subclasses, resulting in a growing number of interneuron classes and subclasses. In this review, I will focus on the diversity of somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SOM+ INs) in the cerebral cortex and elucidate their function in cortical circuits. I will then discuss pathological consequences of a malfunctioning of SOM+ INs in neurological disorders such as major depressive disorder, and present future avenues in SOM research and brain pathologies.

scholarly journals Reduced GABA neuron density in auditory cerebral cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 108-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Smiley ◽  
Troy A. Hackett ◽  
Cynthia Bleiwas ◽  
Eva Petkova ◽  
Aleksandar Stankov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Neuron Density ◽  
Gaba Neuron

scholarly journals Associations between increased circulating endothelial progenitor cell levels and anxiety/depressive severity, cognitive deficit and function disability among patients with major depressive disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Jay Liou ◽  
Mu-Hong Chen ◽  
Ju-Wei Hsu ◽  
Kai-Lin Huang ◽  
Po-Hsun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Endothelial Progenitor ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through endothelial dysfunction is bidirectional. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (cEPCs), essential for endothelial repair and function, are associated with risks of various CVDs. Here, the relationship of cEPC counts with MDD and the related clinical presentations were investigated in 50 patients with MDD and 46 healthy controls. In patients with MDD, a battery of clinical domains was analysed: depressed mood with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), anxiety with Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), cognitive dysfunction and deficit with Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D), somatic symptoms with Depressive and Somatic Symptom Scale (DSSS), quality of life with 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and functional disability with Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Immature and mature cEPC counts were measured through flow cytometry. Increased mature and immature cEPC counts were significantly associated with higher anxiety after controlling the confounding effect of systolic blood pressure, and potentially associated with more severe depressive symptoms, worse cognitive performance and increased cognitive deficit, higher social disability, and worse mental health outcomes. Thus, cEPCs might have pleiotropic effects on MDD-associated symptoms and psychosocial outcomes.

Stress and the Brain

2018 ◽  
pp. 434-462
Author(s):  
Deanna M. Barch ◽  
David Pagliaccio
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Diffusion Imaging ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

This chapter reviews associations between early life stress and brain structure and function as assessed by structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Particularly, this chapter focuses on structural associations in children and adults and the regional overlap with neural alterations observed in major depressive disorder, though we also more briefly cover diffusion imaging, task-based imaging, and resting-state functional connectivity. Major depressive disorder is highlighted given that early life stress is a critical risk factor for depression and the neural alterations observed with stress and depression may serve as key mediating factors of this association. A brief methodological overview is provided for each neuroimaging domain as well as a discussion of limitations and future directions for this field.

A neuroscientific update on monoamine oxidase and its inhibitors

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (s1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Oxidase System ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
And Function

The goal of this brief review is to explain the role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the neurobiology, etiology, and presentation of psychiatric illnesses, primarily major depressive disorder. This article will initially focus on the basic science and function of the monoamine oxidase system and some proposed neuropsychiatric symptoms that may arise if this enzyme system is altered by genetic predisposition. These findings and theories will next be translationally discussed in regard to clinical application pertaining to enzyme inhibition and the treatment of major depressive and other psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Surface Vulnerability of Cerebral Cortex to Major Depressive Disorder

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0120704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daihui Peng ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Drew Fralick ◽  
Ting Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive

scholarly journals Correction: Surface Vulnerability of Cerebral Cortex to Major Depressive Disorder

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e0128947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daihui Peng ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Drew Fralick ◽  
Ting Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive
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