scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of West Nile Virus Isolate 2004Hou3

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1936
Author(s):  
Shannon E. Ronca ◽  
Rodion Gorchakov ◽  
Rebecca Berry ◽  
R. Elias Alvarado ◽  
Sarah M. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Nextgen Sequencing ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Clinical Presentations

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus with important public health implications globally. This study characterizes a viral isolate, 2004Hou3, in comparison with the NY99 strain from the original WNV outbreak in New York, USA. NextGen sequencing was used to compare the viral isolates genetically, while wild-type C57/BL6 mice were used to compare pathogenicity and viral persistence. Significant differences in survival and clinical presentations were noted, with minor genetic variations between the two strains potentially offering an explanation. One notable difference is that 5 of 35 mice infected with the 2004Hou3 strain developed hind limb flaccid paralysis, suggesting its possible use as a small animal pathogenesis model for this clinical characteristic often observed in human WN neuroinvasive disease patients but not reported in other animal models of infection. Overall, this study suggests that 2004Hou3 is a less pathogenic strain with potential for use in long-term outcome studies using small animal models.

Long-term Outcome of Patients With West Nile Virus Infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara E. Jeha ◽  
Gregory P. Hanes ◽  
Cathy A. Sila ◽  
Richard J. Lederman ◽  
Carlos M. Isada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Blitvich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.

scholarly journals The First Case Report of West Nile Virus-Induced Acute Flaccid Quadriplegia in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Salim Yahya Al-Fifi ◽  
Kamran Kadkhoda ◽  
Mike Drebot ◽  
Beverly Wudel ◽  
E. J. Bow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Case Report ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
York City ◽  
Favorable Outcome ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
High Incidence

The 1999 New York City outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) was associated with a high incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNVND) where the outcomes for these patients were very poor. We describe a case of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNVND) characterized by acute flaccid quadriplegia with a favorable outcome in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengwei Bai ◽  
E. Ashley Thompson ◽  
Parminder J. S. Vig ◽  
A. Arturo Leis
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Byas ◽  
Gregory D. Ebel
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV) continues to be a major cause of human arboviral neuroinvasive disease. Susceptible non-human vertebrates are particularly diverse, ranging from commonly affected birds and horses to less commonly affected species such as alligators. This review summarizes the pathology caused by West Nile virus during natural infections of humans and non-human animals. While the most well-known findings in human infection involve the central nervous system, WNV can also cause significant lesions in the heart, kidneys and eyes. Time has also revealed chronic neurologic sequelae related to prior human WNV infection. Similarly, neurologic disease is a prominent manifestation of WNV infection in most non-human non-host animals. However, in some avian species, which serve as the vertebrate host for WNV maintenance in nature, severe systemic disease can occur, with neurologic, cardiac, intestinal and renal injury leading to death. The pathology seen in experimental animal models of West Nile virus infection and knowledge gains on viral pathogenesis derived from these animal models are also briefly discussed. A gap in the current literature exists regarding the relationship between the neurotropic nature of WNV in vertebrates, virus propagation and transmission in nature. This and other knowledge gaps, and future directions for research into WNV pathology, are addressed.

Malignant glial neuronal tumors after west nile virus neuroinvasive disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyx B Porter ◽  
Akanksha Sharma ◽  
Marie F Grill ◽  
Scott Spritzer ◽  
A Arturo Leis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Neuronal Tumors

scholarly journals Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Juan-Carlos Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.

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