scholarly journals Short and Long-Term Changes in Social Odor Recognition and Plasma Cytokine Levels Following Oxygen (16O) Ion Radiation Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carli Jones ◽  
Ami Mange ◽  
Lauren Granata ◽  
Benjamin Johnson ◽  
Robert Hienz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Odor Recognition ◽  
Social Processing ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Social Odor

Future long-duration space missions will involve travel outside of the Earth’s magnetosphere protection and will result in astronauts being exposed to high energy and charge (HZE) ions and protons. Exposure to this type of radiation can result in damage to the central nervous system and deficits in numerous cognitive domains that can jeopardize mission success. Social processing is a cognitive domain that is important for people living and working in groups, such as astronauts, but it has received little attention in terms of HZE ion exposure. In the current study, we assessed the effects of whole-body oxygen ion (16O; 1000 MeV/n) exposure (1 or 10 cGy) on social odor recognition memory in male Long-Evans rats at one and six months following exposure. Radiation exposure did not affect rats’ preferences for a novel social odor experienced during Habituation at either time point. However, rats exposed to 10 cGy displayed short and long-term deficits in 24-h social recognition. In contrast, rats exposed to 1 cGy only displayed long-term deficits in 24-h social recognition. While an age-related decrease in Ki67+ staining (a marker of cell proliferation) was found in the subventricular zone, it was unaffected by radiation exposure. At one month following exposure, plasma KC/GRO (CXCL1) levels were elevated in the 1 cGy rats, but not in the 10 cGy rats, suggesting that peripheral levels of this cytokine could be associated with intact social recognition at earlier time points following radiation exposure. These results have important implications for long-duration missions and demonstrate that behaviors related to social processing could be negatively affected by HZE ion exposure.

scholarly journals Cerebrolysin improves cognitive performance in rats after mild traumatic brain injury

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlu Zhang ◽  
Michael Chopp ◽  
Yuling Meng ◽  
Zheng Gang Zhang ◽  
Edith Doppler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Odor Recognition ◽  
Social Odor

OBJECT Long-term memory deficits occur after mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and effective treatment modalities are currently unavailable. Cerebrolysin, a peptide preparation mimicking the action of neurotrophic factors, has beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The present study investigated the long-term effects of Cerebrolysin treatment on cognitive function in rats after mTBI. METHODS Rats subjected to closed-head mTBI were treated with saline (n = 11) or Cerebrolysin (2.5 ml/kg, n = 11) starting 24 hours after injury and then daily for 28 days. Sham animals underwent surgery without injury (n = 8). To evaluate cognitive function, the modified Morris water maze (MWM) test and a social odor–based novelty recognition task were performed after mTBI. All rats were killed on Day 90 after mTBI, and brain sections were immunostained for histological analyses of amyloid precursor protein (APP), astrogliosis, neuroblasts, and neurogenesis. RESULTS Mild TBI caused long-lasting cognitive memory deficits in the MWM and social odor recognition tests up to 90 days after injury. Compared with saline treatment, Cerebrolysin treatment significantly improved both long-term spatial learning and memory in the MWM test and nonspatial recognition memory in the social odor recognition task up to 90 days after mTBI (p < 0.05). Cerebrolysin significantly increased the number of neuroblasts and promoted neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, and it reduced APP levels and astrogliosis in the corpus callosum, cortex, dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3 regions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Cerebrolysin treatment of mTBI improves long-term cognitive function, and this improvement may be partially related to decreased brain APP accumulation and astrogliosis as well as increased neuroblasts and neurogenesis.

scholarly journals High-energy environment of super-Earth 55 Cancri e

2018 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. A117 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bourrier ◽  
D. Ehrenreich ◽  
A. Lecavelier des Etangs ◽  
T. Louden ◽  
P. J. Wheatley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rest Frame ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Chromospheric Emission ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Coronal Rain ◽  
Far Ultraviolet

The high-energy X-ray to ultraviolet (XUV) irradiation of close-in planets by their host star influences their evolution and might be responsible for the existence of a population of ultra-short period planets eroded to their bare core. In orbit around a bright, nearby G-type star, the super-Earth 55 Cnc e offers the possibility to address these issues through transit observations at UV wavelengths. We used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe the transit in the far-ultraviolet (FUV) over three epochs in April 2016, January 2017, and February 2017. Together, these observations cover nearly half of the orbital trajectory in between the two quadratures, and reveal significant short- and long-term variability in 55 Cnc chromospheric emission lines. In the last two epochs, we detected a larger flux in the C III, Si III, and Si IV lines after the planet passed the approaching quadrature, followed by a flux decrease in the Si IV doublet. In the second epoch these variations are contemporaneous with flux decreases in the Si II and C II doublets. All epochs show flux decreases in the N V doublet as well, albeit at different orbital phases. These flux decreases are consistent with absorption from optically thin clouds of gas, are mostly localized at low and redshifted radial velocities in the star rest frame, and occur preferentially before and during the planet transit. These three points make it unlikely that the variations are purely stellar in origin, yet we show that the occulting material is also unlikely to originate from the planet. We thus tentatively propose that the motion of 55 Cnc e at the fringes of the stellar corona leads to the formation of a cool coronal rain. The inhomogeneity and temporal evolution of the stellar corona would be responsible for the differences between the three visits. Additional variations are detected in the C II doublet in the first epoch and in the O I triplet in all epochs with a different behavior that points toward intrinsic stellar variability. Further observations at FUV wavelengths are required to disentangle definitively between star-planet interactions in the 55 Cnc system and the activity of the star.

Short and Long-Term Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Spaticity and Motor Performance in Children With Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252199109
Author(s):  
Fatih Tekin ◽  
Erdoğan Kavlak
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Conventional Physiotherapy

This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effects of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) therapy on spasticity and motor performance in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. We recruited 26 patient participants from among children undergoing conventional physiotherapy in a private rehabilitation center. We randomly assigned 22 participants to equally sized treatment (n = 11) and control (n = 11) groups. We evaluated the participants at the beginning of the study with the Gross Motor Function Measure-88, LEGSys™ Spatio-Temporal Gait Analyzer, SportKAT550™ Portable Computerized Kinesthetic Balance Device and the Modified Ashworth Scale. While children in the treatment group were treated with Compex-Winplate™ to administer WBV in three 15-minute sessions per week for eight weeks, children in the control group received continued conventional physiotherapy during this period. We then re-evaluated all participants both immediately after the treatment and again 12 weeks after the treatment. Following WBV, both gross motor functions and gait and balance skills were significantly improved ( p < 0.05), and spasticity in lower and upper extremity muscles was significantly inhibited ( p < 0.05). These improvements were preserved even after 12 weeks. We conclude that WBV is an effective incremental approach to conventional physiotherapy in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy for inhibiting spasticity and improving motor performance.

Whole-Body Oxygen (16O) Ion-Exposure-Induced Impairments in Social Odor Recognition Memory in Rats are Dose and Time Dependent

2018 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami Mange ◽  
Yuqing Cao ◽  
SiYuan Zhang ◽  
Robert D. Hienz ◽  
Catherine M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Odor Recognition ◽  
Social Odor

scholarly journals Visual Continuous Recognition Reveals Widespread Cortical Contributions to Scene Memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Ellmore ◽  
Chelsea P. Reichert ◽  
Kenneth Ng ◽  
Ning Mei
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Scene Recognition ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Scene Memory ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractHumans have a remarkably high capacity and long duration memory for complex scenes. Previous research documents the neural substrates that allow for efficient categorization of scenes from other complex stimuli like objects and faces, but the spatiotemporal neural dynamics underlying scene memory are less well understood. In the present study, we used high density EEG during a visual continuous recognition task in which new, old, and scrambled scenes consisting of color outdoor photographs were presented at an average rate 0.26 Hz. Old scenes were single repeated presentations occurring within either a short-term (≤ 20 seconds) or longer-term intervals of between 30 sec and 3 minutes or 4 and 10 minutes. Overall recognition was far above chance, with better performance at short- than longer-term intervals. A group ANOVA found parietal and frontal ERPs discriminated the three scene types as early as 59 ms after stimulus onset. Parietal ERPs were greater for old compared to new scenes by 189 ms, while fronto-temporal ERPs were greater for new compared to old scenes by 194 ms. For old scenes presented within longer-term intervals, parieto-temporal and centro-frontal ERPs were greater by 228 and 355 ms respectively compared to old scenes presented within a short-term interval. Supervised machine learning exhibited above-chance decoding of scene type by 275 ms. Single-subject BOLD-fMRI showed greater activity for old scenes across frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex. These converging findings show that a widespread network including parietal, frontal, and temporal regions supports short- and long-term scene memory.Significance StatementThe ability to recognize a scene as novel or familiar is critical for basic cognition. Scene recognition plays an important role in episodic memory because it helps us quickly establish place, a first step in recalling where previous events occurred. Short-term recognition supports our ability to detect changes in the immediate environment, an ability critical to survival. Scene recognition after a longer-term interval is often the essential cue for retrieving autobiographical memories. Previous behavioral studies demonstrate high capacity and long duration scene memory. Neural studies have identified the brain regions that support scene-specific processing. The present study extends this research by filling a gap in understanding how distributed spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity support short- and long-term scene memory.

scholarly journals THE HIGH-ENERGY PROPERTIES OF 3C 454.3: A FOUR-YEAR STUDY

2012 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
pp. 404-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
STEFANO VERCELLONE
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Vela Pulsar ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Short Term Variability ◽  
Daily Time

The blazar 3C 454.3 has become the most active and brightest γ-ray source of the sky, earning the nickname of Crazy Diamond. The short-term variability in the γ-ray energy band and the extremely high peak fluxes reached during intense flaring episodes make 3C 454.3 one of the best targets to investigate the blazar jet properties. We will review four years of observational properties of this remarkable source, discussing both short- and long-term multi-wavelength campaigns, with particular emphasis on the recent flaring episode which occurred on 2010 November 20, when 3C 454.3 reached on a daily time-scale a gamma-ray flux (E > 100 MeV) higher than 6 × 10-5 photons cm-2 s-1, about six times the flux of the brightest γ-ray steady source, the Vela Pulsar.

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