scholarly journals Cell-Based Therapies for Cardiac Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Ongoing Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ghiroldi ◽  
Marco Piccoli ◽  
Federica Cirillo ◽  
Michelle Monasky ◽  
Giuseppe Ciconte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Ventricular Dysfunction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Different Cell Types

Despite considerable improvements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure (HF) still represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Poor prognosis is mostly due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult human heart, which ultimately leads to left ventricular dysfunction. As a consequence, heart transplantation is virtually the only alternative for many patients. Therefore, novel regenerative approaches are extremely needed, and several attempts have been performed to improve HF patients’ clinical conditions by promoting the replacement of the lost cardiomyocytes and by activating cardiac repair. In particular, cell-based therapies have been shown to possess a great potential for cardiac regeneration. Different cell types have been extensively tested in clinical trials, demonstrating consistent safety results. However, heterogeneous efficacy data have been reported, probably because precise end-points still need to be clearly defined. Moreover, the principal mechanism responsible for these beneficial effects seems to be the paracrine release of antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory molecules from the injected cells. This review covers past and state-of-the-art strategies in cell-based heart regeneration, highlighting the advantages, challenges, and limitations of each approach.

scholarly journals The beneficial effects of tadalafil on left ventricular dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Jin ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Huilan Zhi ◽  
Bingzhe Hong ◽  
Shuying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricular Dysfunction ◽  
Ventricular Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Beneficial Effects

scholarly journals The cilium: a cellular antenna with an influence on obesity risk

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin C. M. Mariman ◽  
Roel G. Vink ◽  
Nadia J. T. Roumans ◽  
Freek G. Bouwman ◽  
Constance T. R. M. Stumpel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Intraflagellar Transport ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Food Intake Regulation ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Intake Regulation

AbstractPrimary cilia are organelles that are present on many different cell types, either transiently or permanently. They play a crucial role in receiving signals from the environment and passing these signals to other parts of the cell. In that way, they are involved in diverse processes such as adipocyte differentiation and olfactory sensation. Mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins often have pleiotropic effects and lead to clinical conditions, ciliopathies, with multiple symptoms. In this study, we reviewed observations from ciliopathies with obesity as one of the symptoms. It shows that variation in cilia-related genes is itself not a major cause of obesity in the population but may be a part of the multifactorial aetiology of this complex condition. Both common polymorphisms and rare deleterious variants may contribute to the obesity risk. Genotype–phenotype relationships have been noticed. Among the ciliary genes, obesity differs with regard to severity and age of onset, which may relate to the influence of each gene on the balance between pro- and anti-adipogenic processes. Analysis of the function and location of the proteins encoded by these ciliary genes suggests that obesity is more linked to activities at the basal area of the cilium, including initiation of the intraflagellar transport, but less to the intraflagellar transport itself. Regarding the role of cilia, three possible mechanistic processes underlying obesity are described: adipogenesis, neuronal food intake regulation and food odour perception.

scholarly journals Targeting S100A4 with niclosamide attenuates inflammatory and profibrotic pathways in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Milani ◽  
Eleonora Mammarella ◽  
Simona Rossi ◽  
Chiara Miele ◽  
Serena Lattante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Hexanucleotide Repeat ◽  
Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion ◽  
Als Patients ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Background An increasing number of studies evidences that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by extensive alterations in different cell types and in different regions besides the CNS. We previously reported the upregulation in ALS models of a gene called fibroblast-specific protein-1 or S100A4, recognized as a pro-inflammatory and profibrotic factor. Since inflammation and fibrosis are often mutual-sustaining events that contribute to establish a hostile environment for organ functions, the comprehension of the elements responsible for these interconnected pathways is crucial to disclose novel aspects involved in ALS pathology. Methods Here, we employed fibroblasts derived from ALS patients harboring the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion and ALS patients with no mutations in known ALS-associated genes and we downregulated S100A4 using siRNA or the S100A4 transcriptional inhibitor niclosamide. Mice overexpressing human FUS were adopted to assess the effects of niclosamide in vivo on ALS pathology. Results We demonstrated that S100A4 underlies impaired autophagy and a profibrotic phenotype, which characterize ALS fibroblasts. Indeed, its inhibition reduces inflammatory, autophagic, and profibrotic pathways in ALS fibroblasts, and interferes with different markers known as pathogenic in the disease, such as mTOR, SQSTM1/p62, STAT3, α-SMA, and NF-κB. Importantly, niclosamide in vivo treatment of ALS-FUS mice reduces the expression of S100A4, α-SMA, and PDGFRβ in the spinal cord, as well as gliosis in central and peripheral nervous tissues, together with axonal impairment and displays beneficial effects on muscle atrophy, by promoting muscle regeneration and reducing fibrosis. Conclusion Our findings show that S100A4 has a role in ALS-related mechanisms, and that drugs such as niclosamide which are able to target inflammatory and fibrotic pathways could represent promising pharmacological tools for ALS.

scholarly journals The Biocompatibility of a New Erythritol-and Xyltol-Containing Fluoride Toothpaste

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Barbara Cvikl ◽  
Adrian Lussi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Fluoride Release ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Biofilm Removal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cell Types

The basic function of toothpastes is biofilm removal in order to prevent caries and gingivitis. Toothpastes should provide maximal fluoride availability, optimal abrasivity, and ingredients that do not interfere with fluoride release but should have additional beneficial effects. Further, the effect on cells of the oral cavity is of the utmost importance. We investigated several biological parameters of a new toothpaste (AirFlow-AF) that contains fluoride, xylitol and erythritol but no sodium lauryl sulfate and compared them to commercially available toothpastes (Zendium-Ze, Sensodyne-Se, OdolMed-OM, OralB-OB). The half lethal concentration (LC50) as well as the proliferation behavior on gingival (GF), periodontal ligament (PDL), and mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were was tested. The mean LC50 values of AF on GF, PDL, and L929 were 16.2, 10.9, and 9.3, respectively. In comparison, the four other toothpastes showed mean LC50 values of 1.5 (OB), 1.2 (OM), 1.4 (Se), and 27.7 (Ze) on GF. Mean LC50 values on PDL and L929 were 1.0 and 0.2 (OB), 3.7 and 0.9 (OM), 1.2 and 0.6 (Se), and 25.4 and 5.6 (Ze), respectively. Proliferation behavior mainly confirmed the LC50 values. While cells after stimulation with AF returned to almost unimpaired proliferation behavior at 6%, cells were still strongly impaired after stimulation with all tested commercially toothpastes. AF showed high biocompatibility with different cell types.

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