scholarly journals Nucleus, Mitochondrion, or Reticulum? STAT3 à La Carte

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Avalle ◽  
Valeria Poli
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tumor Transformation ◽  
Context Specific

The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 mediates the functions of cytokines, growth factors, and oncogenes under both physiological and pathological conditions. Uncontrolled/constitutive STAT3 activity is often detected in tumors of different types, where its role is mostly that of an oncogene, contributing in multiple ways to tumor transformation, growth, and progression. For this reason, many laboratories and pharmaceutical companies are making efforts to develop specific inhibitors. However, STAT3 has also been shown to act as a tumor suppressor in a number of cases, suggesting that its activity is strongly context-specific. Here, we discuss the bases that can explain the multiple roles of this factor in both physiological and pathological contexts. In particular, we focus on the following four features: (i) the distinct properties of the STAT3α and β isoforms; (ii) the multiple post-translational modifications (phosphorylation on tyrosine or serine, acetylation and methylation on different residues, and oxidation and glutathionylation) that can affect its activities downstream of multiple different signals; (iii) the non-canonical functions in the mitochondria, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis under stress conditions; and (iv) the recently discovered functions in the endoplasmic reticulum, where STAT3 contributes to the regulation of calcium homeostasis, energy production, and apoptosis.

scholarly journals Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Raffin-Sanson ◽  
Y de Keyzer ◽  
X Bertagna
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Brain

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is the polypeptide precursor of ACTH. First discovered in anterior pituitary corticotroph cells, it has more recently been revealed to have many other physiological aspects. The fine molecular mechanisms of ACTH biosynthesis show that ACTH is but one piece of a puzzle which contains many other peptides. Present in various tIssues, among which are pituitary, hypothalamus, central nervous system and skin, POMC undergoes extensive post-translational processing. This processing is tIssue-specific and generates, depending on the case, various sets of peptides involved in completely diverse biological functions. POMC expressed in corticotroph cells of the pituitary is necessary for adrenal function. Recent developments have shown that POMC-expressing neurons in the brain play a major role in the control of pain and energy homeostasis. Local production of POMC-derived peptides in skin may influence melanogenesis. A still unknown function in the placenta is likely.POMC has become a paradigmatic polypeptide precursor model illustrating the variable roles of a single gene and its various products in different localities.

scholarly journals Non-canonical regulation of glycogenolysis and the Warburg phenotype by soluble adenylyl cyclase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Chin Chang ◽  
Simei Go ◽  
Eduardo H. Gilglioni ◽  
Hang Lam Li ◽  
Hsu-Li Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclases ◽  
Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Atp Level ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Different Types

AbstractCyclic AMP is produced in cells by two very different types of adenylyl cyclases: the canonical transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs, ADCY1∼9) and the evolutionarily more conserved soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC, ADCY10). While the role and regulation of tmACs is well documented, much less is known of sAC in cellular metabolism. We demonstrate here that sAC is an acute regulator of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and glycogen metabolism, tuning their relative bioenergetic contributions. Suppression of sAC activity leads to aerobic glycolysis, enhanced glycogenolysis, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and an elevated cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio, resembling the Warburg phenotype. Importantly, we found that glycogen metabolism is regulated in opposite directions by cAMP depending on its location of synthesis and downstream effectors. While the canonical tmAC-cAMP-PKA axis promotes glycogenolysis, we identify a novel sAC-cAMP-Epac1 axis that suppresses glycogenolysis. These data suggest that sAC is an autonomous bioenergetic sensor that suppresses aerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis when ATP levels suffice. When the ATP level falls, diminished sAC activity induces glycogenolysis and aerobic glycolysis to maintain energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals State of the art olfactometers. Different types

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Human Use ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High ◽  
Human Olfaction

The complexity of human olfaction is very high and the importance of being able to measure it directly, objectively and qualitatively has led experts to search for mechanisms that can be applied. Human beings use this sense, which is one of the oldest, to recognize danger and distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant odors. Smells are mixtures of molecules that, at different concentrations in the inhaled air, stimulate the olfactory area and are recognized at the brain level. Therefore, there is a coding and decoding system. Human olfactometer techniques use equipment designed to be able to measure its intensity and quality of volatile substances. If we are able to measure this sense, we will be able to know its variations and be able to make clinical diagnoses in normal and pathological conditions and diagnose the losses that occur in certain infectious, degenerative diseases, traumatic processes and other variants. For many years, systems have been developed that can measure subjective olfaction in humans, as well as objective forms, but it is also true that there is no equipment available that is fast, simple handling and that can be applied in daily clinical services. Aim of the Study Present the recent achievements in olfactometer technology; Elaborate the scientific articles about olfactometry published mainly in the last 10 years; To gather the information published in the last years in relation to the usefulness, existence in the market and purposes of equipment that can measure the odors, what we will call the Smell-o-meter or olfactometer for human use. Material and Methods: In the first part of this research we will gather most of the information existing so far in international bibliography, as well as the achievements and utilities obtained to date. Following, we will analyze all the new concepts related to smell-o-meters devices that exist on the market and assess the possibility, based on what has been done so far, to seek new practical systems for application in the medical field.

scholarly journals Autophagy in endocrine tumors

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. R205-R218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Weckman ◽  
Fabio Rotondo ◽  
Antonio Di Ieva ◽  
Luis V Syro ◽  
Henriett Butz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Endocrine Tumors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Tumor Survival ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intracellular Process

Autophagy is an important intracellular process involving the degradation of cytoplasmic components. It is involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is described as a ‘double-edged sword,’ a term that reflects its known participation in tumor suppression, tumor survival and tumor cell proliferation. Available research regarding autophagy in endocrine cancer supports this concept. Autophagy shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in different types of endocrine cancer, inhibiting or increasing treatment efficacy in a context- and cell-type-dependent manner. At present, however, there is very little research concerning autophagy in endocrine tumors. No research was reported connecting autophagy to some of the tumors of the endocrine glands such as the pancreas and ovary. This review aims to elucidate the roles of autophagy in different types of endocrine cancer and highlight the need for increased research in the field.

Using Scenarios Throughout The User-Centered Design Process in Healthcare

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 610-614
Author(s):  
Carrie Reale ◽  
Ross Speir ◽  
Kurt Ruark ◽  
Jennifer Herout ◽  
Jason Slagle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Health Information ◽  
User Centered Design ◽  
User Interactions ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
User Centered

Context-specific descriptions of the intended user interactions with health information technology (HIT) systems provide an important perspective to the overall goals of HIT design. These descriptions — or scenarios — that represent the clinicians’ perspectives can describe how HIT should support users in providing patient care effectively, efficiently, and safely. Scenarios may improve the design of HIT systems by ensuring clinician needs are well-articulated for high-value patient-care situations. This Practice- Oriented paper presents suggestions for the development and application of clinical scenarios throughout a robust user-centered design (UCD) process. As a flexible artifact, different types of scenarios can be used at each point across the UCD process and the rationale for their use are discussed, and we suggest key aspects that must be included for each specific type of scenario. This practice innovation will be beneficial to practitioners working within UCD processes, as guidance on adding scenarios as a tool in their work.

scholarly journals Identification, Characterization, and Regulatory Mechanisms of a Novel EGR1 Splicing Isoform

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenza Aliperti ◽  
Giulia Sgueglia ◽  
Francesco Aniello ◽  
Emilia Vitale ◽  
Laura Fucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Activation Domain ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis

EGR1 is a transcription factor expressed in many cell types that regulates genes involved in different biological processes including growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of EGR1 expression has been associated with many pathological conditions such as tumors and brain diseases. Known molecular mechanisms underlying the control of EGR1 function include regulation of transcription, mRNA and protein stability, and post-translational modifications. Here we describe the identification of a splicing isoform for the human EGR1 gene. The newly identified splicing transcript encodes a shorter protein compared to the canonical EGR1. This isoform lacks a region belonging to the N-terminal activation domain and although it is capable of entering the nucleus, it is unable to activate transcription fully relative to the canonical isoform.

scholarly journals Concentrations of Circulating Irisin and Myostatin in Race and Endurace Purebred Arabian Horses—Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2268
Author(s):  
Sylwester Kowalik ◽  
Anna Wiśniewska ◽  
Witold Kędzierski ◽  
Iwona Janczarek
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lack Of Exercise ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
The Impact

Skeletal muscle is considered to be the largest endocrine organ determining the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Adaptive changes in skeletal muscles in response to physical exercise influence the production as well as secretion of myokines, which are bioactive factors that play a crucial role in energy expenditure processes. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of two different types of exercise on the circulating level of two of these, myostatin and irisin, in trained horses. Twenty purebred Arabian horses were involved in the study: 10 three-year-old horses trained on the racetrack and 10 endurance horses aged 7.4 ± 1.9 years. The horses from both groups were regularly trained throughout the entire season, during which they also participated in Polish National competitions. To assess the influence of the training sessions on plasma myostatin and irisin concentrations, blood samples taken at rest and 30 min after the end of exercise were analyzed. In the studied horses, the single bout of exercise did not influence plasma irisin but induced an increase in plasma myostatin concentration. In racehorses, plasma irisin concentration decreased with the length of the training season. Plasma myostatin was higher in endurance horses than in three-year-old racehorses. Lack of exercise-induced fluctuation in circulating irisin in studied horses suggests that myostatin released in response to exercise provides a negative feedback signal to irisin release.

scholarly journals Role of Leptin in the Activation of Immune Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Fernández-Riejos ◽  
Souad Najib ◽  
Jose Santos-Alvarez ◽  
Consuelo Martín-Romero ◽  
Antonio Pérez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Infection Susceptibility

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes various humoral factors (adipokines), and its shift to production of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity likely contributes to the low-level systemic inflammation that may be present in metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Leptin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipocytes, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism and energy homeostasis. One of these functions is the connection between nutritional status and immune competence. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response, innate and adaptive response, both in normal and pathological conditions. The role of leptin in regulating immune response has been assessed in vitro as well as in clinical studies. It has been shown that conditions of reduced leptin production are associated with increased infection susceptibility. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmune diseases are associated with increased secretion of leptin and production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. Thus, leptin is a mediator of the inflammatory response.

Sketching across design domains: Roles and formalities

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Eckert ◽  
Alan Blackwell ◽  
Martin Stacey ◽  
Christopher Earl ◽  
Luke Church
Keyword(s):  
Idea Generation ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Many ◽  
Design Ideas

AbstractTo complement studies on design sketching within particular phases of design processes in specific design domains, this paper analyzes descriptions of design processes given by designers from a wide variety of fields. This research forms part of a wider project on comparisons across design domains and draws attention to the many types and properties of sketches in different contexts. Further, it focuses on the multiple roles that sketching can take in idea generation, as well as in reasoning and communicating design ideas. In particular this paper examines how the different types and roles of sketches can be more or less formal and how this can lead to misunderstandings.

scholarly journals Expanding the Scales: The Multiple Roles of MCH in Regulating Energy Balance and Other Biological Functions

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 606-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlos Pissios ◽  
Richard L. Bradley ◽  
Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cyclic Peptide ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Peptide Structure ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Neuroectodermal Origin

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic peptide originally identified as a 17-amino-acid circulating hormone in teleost fish, where it is secreted by the pituitary in response to stress and environmental stimuli. In fish, MCH lightens skin color by stimulating aggregation of melanosomes, pigment-containing granules in melanophores, cells of neuroectodermal origin found in fish scales. Although the peptide structure between fish and mammals is highly conserved, in mammals, MCH has no demonstrable effects on pigmentation; instead, based on a series of pharmacological and genetic experiments, MCH has emerged as a critical hypothalamic regulator of energy homeostasis, having effects on both feeding behavior and energy expenditure.

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