scholarly journals Growth Hormone (GH) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in the Central Nervous System: A Potential Neurological Combinatory Therapy?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martínez-Moreno ◽  
Denisse Calderón-Vallejo ◽  
Steve Harvey ◽  
Carlos Arámburo ◽  
José Quintanar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor neurons fire in synchrony with the female reproductive cycle

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 1008-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schauer ◽  
Tong Tong ◽  
Hugues Petitjean ◽  
Thomas Blum ◽  
Sophie Peron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Firing Pattern ◽  
Gnrh Receptor ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Burst Firing ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) controls mammalian reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis, acting on gonadotrope cells in the pituitary gland that express the GnRH receptor (GnRHR). Cells expressing the GnRHR have also been identified in the brain. However, the mechanism by which GnRH acts on these potential target cells remains poorly understood due to the difficulty of visualizing and identifying living GnRHR neurons in the central nervous system. We have developed a mouse strain in which GnRHR neurons express a fluorescent marker, enabling the reliable identification of these cells independent of the hormonal status of the animal. In this study, we analyze the GnRHR neurons of the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus in acute brain slices prepared from adult female mice. Strikingly, we find that the action potential firing pattern of these neurons alternates in synchrony with the estrous cycle, with pronounced burst firing during the preovulatory period. We demonstrate that GnRH stimulation is sufficient to trigger the conversion from tonic to burst firing in GnRHR neurons. Furthermore, we show that this switch in the firing pattern is reversed by a potent GnRHR antagonist. These data suggest that endogenous GnRH acts on GnRHR neurons and triggers burst firing in these cells during late proestrus and estrus. Our data have important clinical implications in that they indicate a novel mode of action for GnRHR agonists and antagonists in neurons of the central nervous system that are not part of the classical hpg axis.

Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the roundworm, Ascaris suum (Nematoda: Ascaroidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Brownlee ◽  
I. Fairweather ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
D. Smart ◽  
C. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYThe localization and distribution of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of the pig roundworm, Ascaris suum, have been determined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique in conjunction with confocal microscopy. Antisera to 25 vertebrate peptides and two invertebrate peptides were used to screen the worm for immunoreactivity (IR). Immuno-staining was obtained with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), substance P (SP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (SGnRH), mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (MGnRH), chromogranin A (CGA) and FMRFamide. The most extensive patterns of IR occurred with antisera to PYY, FMRFamide and gastrin. IR was evident in nerve cells and fibres in the ganglia associated with the anterior nerve ring and in the main nerve cords and their commissures; IR to FMRFamide also occurred in the posterior nerve ring. Immunostaining for the other peptides was confined to the nerve cords, with the number of immunoreactive nerve fibres varying from peptide to peptide.

Distribution of two molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the central nervous system of the frogRana ridibunda

1995 ◽  
Vol 703 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 111-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Collin ◽  
Nicolas Chartrel ◽  
Aldo Fasolo ◽  
J. Michael Conlon ◽  
Frans Vandesande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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