scholarly journals Care, Indifference and Anxiety—Attitudes toward Location Data in Everyday Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Michal Rzeszewski ◽  
Piotr Luczys
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Privacy Violation ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Technological Enthusiasm

Modern mobile devices are replete with advanced sensors that expand the array of possible methods of locating users. This can be used as a tool to gather and use spatial information, but it also brings with it the specter of “geosurveillance” in which the “location” becomes a product in itself. In the realm of software developers, space/place has been reduced and discretized to a set of coordinates, devoid of human experiences and meanings. To function in such digitally augmented realities, people need to adopt specific attitudes, often marked with anxiety. We explored attitudes toward location data collection practices using qualitative questionnaire surveys (n = 280) from Poznan and Edinburgh. The prevailing attitude that we identified is neutral with a strong undertone of resignation—surrendering personal location is viewed as a form of digital currency. A smaller number of people had stronger, emotional views, either very positive or very negative, based on uncritical technological enthusiasm or fear of privacy violation. Such a wide spectrum of attitudes is not only produced by interaction with technology but can also be a result of different values associated with space and place itself. Those attitudes can bring additional bias into spatial datasets that is not related to demographics.

scholarly journals Care, Indifference and Anxiety—Attitudes toward Location Data in Everyday Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Rzeszewski ◽  
Piotr Luczys
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Privacy Violation ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Technological Enthusiasm

Modern mobile devices are replete advanced sensors that expand the array of possible methods of locating users. This is often viewed in a positive light, as a tool to gather and use spatial information, but it also brings with it the problem of “geosurveillance” in which the “Location” becomes a product in itself. In the realm of software developers, this has been reduced and discretized to a set of coordinates, devoid of human experiences and meanings. To function in such digitally augmented realities, people need to adopt specific attitudes, often accompanied with anxiety. We explored attitudes toward locational data collection practices using questionnaire surveys (n = 280) from Poznan and Edinburgh. The prevailing attitude is neutral with a strong undertone of resignation, in which surrendering personal locational information is viewed as a digital currency. A smaller number of people had stronger, emotional views, either very positive or very negative, based on uncritical technological enthusiasm or fear of privacy violation. Such a wide spectrum of attitudes is not only produced by interaction with technology but can also be viewed as a result of different perceptions and values associated with space and place itself.

scholarly journals Optimized CNNs to Indoor Localization through BLE Sensors Using Improved PSO

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1995
Author(s):  
Danshi Sun ◽  
Erhu Wei ◽  
Zhuoxi Ma ◽  
Chenxi Wu ◽  
Shiyi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Indoor Localization ◽  
Indoor Navigation ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Complex Building ◽  
Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Dynamic Inertia

Indoor navigation has attracted commercial developers and researchers in the last few decades. The development of localization tools, methods and frameworks enables current communication services and applications to be optimized by incorporating location data. For clinical applications such as workflow analysis, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons have been employed to map the positions of individuals in indoor environments. To map locations, certain existing methods use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Devices need to be configured to allow for dynamic interference patterns when using the RSSI sensors to monitor indoor positions. In this paper, our objective is to explore an alternative method for monitoring a moving user’s indoor position using BLE sensors in complex indoor building environments. We developed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based positioning model based on the 2D image composed of the received number of signals indicator from both x and y-axes. In this way, like a pixel, we interact with each 10 × 10 matrix holding the spatial information of coordinates and suggest the possible shift of a sensor, adding a sensor and removing a sensor. To develop CNN we adopted a neuro-evolution approach to optimize and create several layers in the network dynamically, through enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). For the optimization of CNN, the global best solution obtained by PSO is directly given to the weights of each layer of CNN. In addition, we employed dynamic inertia weights in the PSO, instead of a constant inertia weight, to maintain the CNN layers’ length corresponding to the RSSI signals from BLE sensors. Experiments were conducted in a building environment where thirteen beacon devices had been installed in different locations to record coordinates. For evaluation comparison, we further adopted machine learning and deep learning algorithms for predicting a user’s location in an indoor environment. The experimental results indicate that the proposed optimized CNN-based method shows high accuracy (97.92% with 2.8% error) for tracking a moving user’s locations in a complex building without complex calibration as compared to other recent methods.

scholarly journals The Aural Eye

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
1969 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Lawrence Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Design Education ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Spatial Sound ◽  
Digital Environments ◽  
Soundscape Studies ◽  
Environmental Acoustics ◽  
Acoustic Environments

Human aural experience can be equally considered along spatial and temporal continuums. We hear at all times of the day and night, and within all places and spaces: built, natural, public, private and virtual. The territory – both physical and philosophical – between music composition for interior listening and traditional sound based research within environmental acoustics is gradually being occupied by the listener-centred approach of soundscape studies. Soundscape design is emerging as an interdisciplinary field within design education, and one that not only challenges the ocular-centric nature of most design education, but one that could provide a useful mode through which to investigate the coincidences between different design disciplines. This paper draws on the author’s own practice as a sound designer in a variety of spatial sound projects in built and virtual contexts to discuss ideas of landscape, interiority, space and place as experienced through listening. This will include aspects of Canopies: chimerical acoustic environments for the Southgate soundscape system, Ecstasis: human presence in digital environments for an interactive VR system and stereoscopic projections, and The Occupation of Space: Soundsites project with the Melbourne blind community.2 The ideas and technologies underpinning these projects also form the basis of a new pedagogy of sound and listening housed in the Spatial Information Architecture Laboratory’s (SIAL) Sound Studios at RMIT University. The place and role of the Sound Studio’s program in providing an aural perspective that compliments the visual methodologies of co-located design disciplines is discussed.

Extending Bayesian Models of the Rubber Hand Illusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Litwin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Bayesian Models ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Sense Of Ownership ◽  
Internal Body

Abstract Human body sense is surprisingly flexible — in the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI), precisely administered visuo-tactile stimulation elicits a sense of ownership over a fake hand. The general consensus is that there are certain semantic top-down constraints on which objects may be incorporated in this way: in particular, to-be-embodied objects should be structurally similar to a visual representation stored in an internal body model. However, empirical evidence shows that the sense of ownership may extend to objects strikingly distinct in morphology and structure (e.g., robotic arms) and the hypothesis about the relevance of appearance lacks direct empirical support. Probabilistic multisensory integration approaches constitute a promising alternative. However, the recent Bayesian models of RHI limit too strictly the possible factors influencing likelihood and prior probability distributions. In this paper, I analyse how Bayesian models of RHI could be extended. The introduction of skin-based spatial information can account for the cross-compensation of sensory signals giving rise to RHI. Furthermore, addition of Bayesian Coupling Priors, depending on (1) internal learned models of relatedness (coupling strength) of sensory cues, (2) scope of temporal binding windows, and (3) extension of peripersonal space, would allow quantification of individual tendencies to integrate divergent visual and somatosensory signals. The extension of Bayesian models would yield an empirically testable proposition accounting comprehensively for a wide spectrum of RHI-related phenomena and rendering appearance-oriented internal body models explanatorily redundant.

scholarly journals Spaces, Places, and Geographies of Public Spheres: Exploring Dimensions of the Spatial Turn

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Annie Waldherr ◽  
Ulrike Klinger ◽  
Barbara Pfetsch
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
Spatial Concepts ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Media And Communication ◽  
Opening Up

For decades, scholars have been calling out a spatial turn in media and communication studies. Yet, in public sphere research, spatial concepts such as space and place have mainly been used metaphorically. In recent years, the abundance of digital trace data offers new opportunities to locate communicative interactions, sparking new interest in the spatial turn in media and communication and opening up new perspectives on spaces and places also within public sphere research. Digital location data enables one to: study the places and spaces in which (semi-)public communication is embedded; uncover geographical inequalities between countries, regions, cities, and peripheries; and highlight the local contexts of public spheres. This thematic issue gathers some of these endeavors in one place, bringing together conceptual, methodological, and empirical contributions that spell out the spatiality of public spheres in detail and combine the analysis of spaces, places, and geographies with long-standing concepts of public sphere research.

scholarly journals Spider webs as eDNA tool for biodiversity assessment of life’s domains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjaž Gregorič ◽  
Denis Kutnjak ◽  
Katarina Bačnik ◽  
Cene Gostinčar ◽  
Anja Pecman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Biodiversity Assessment ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring ◽  
Spider Webs ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

AbstractThe concept of environmental DNA (eDNA) utilizes nucleic acids of organisms directly from the environment. Recent breakthrough studies have successfully detected a wide spectrum of prokaryotic and eukaryotic eDNA from a variety of environments, ranging from ancient to modern, and from terrestrial to aquatic. These numerous sources promise to establish eDNA as a tool for diverse scientific settings. Here, we propose and establish spider webs as a source of eDNA with far reaching implications. First, we conducted a field study to track specific arthropod targets from different spider webs. We then employed high-throughput amplicon sequencing of taxonomic barcodes to investigate the utility of spider web eDNA for biodiversity monitoring of animals, fungi and bacteria. Our results show that genetic remains on spider webs allow the detection of even the smallest target organisms. We also demonstrate that eDNA from spider webs is useful in research of community compositions in different domains of life, with potentially highly detailed temporal and spatial information.

An Analysis of Late-Horizon Settlement Patterns in the Teotihuacan-Temascalapa Basins: A Location-Allocation and GIS-Based Approach

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Ruggles ◽  
Richard L. Church
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Location Allocation ◽  
Late Horizon

The general interest of linking GIS capabilities and location-allocation (L-A) techniques to investigate certain spatial problems should be evident. The techniques and the technology are often complementary. A GIS can provide, manage, and display data that L-A models require; in turn, L-A models can enhance GIS analytic capabilities. This combination of information management and analysis should have wide appeal. The technique and technology may be especially wellmatched when one considers many of the special requirements of archaeological applications of L-A models. We intend to investigate and illustrate the value of such a combined approach though the example of a regional settlement analysis of the Late Horizon Basin of Mexico. Geographic information systems are increasingly common in archaeology. Their ability to manage, store, manipulate, and present spatial data is of real value, since the spatial relationship between objects is often an archaeological artifact in its own right. Space is central to both archaeological data (Spaulding 1960; Savage 1990a) and theory (Green 1990). Although GIS may not always offer intrinsically new and different manipulations or analyses of the data, they can make certain techniques easier to apply. There is a wide spectrum of GIS-based modeling applications in archaeology (Allen 1990; Savage 1990a). The anchors of this spectrum range from the use of GIS in the public sector in cultural resource management settings to more research-oriented applications. The strongest development of GIS-based archaeological modeling is probably in the former context. Models developed here are predominantly what Warren (1990) identifies as “inductive” predictive models where patterns in the empirical observations are recognized, usually using statistical methods or probability models. This type of application is usually identified with “site location” modeling (Savage 1990a). As defined, these models do not predict the probable locations of individual sites but rather calculate the probability that a geographic area will contain a site, given its environmental characteristics (Carmichael 1990: 218). The primary role of GIS in many of these applications is to manage and integrate spatial information and feed it to some exterior model.

scholarly journals The Copernicus EMS Validation service as a vector for improving the emergency mapping based on Sentinel data

2020 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
U. Donezar-Hoyos ◽  
L. Albizua-Huarte ◽  
E. Amezketa-Lizarraga ◽  
I. Barinagarrementeria-Arrese ◽  
R. Ciriza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Input Type ◽  
The Creation

<p class="p1">The Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS) is coordinated by the European Commission and “provides all actors involved in the management of natural disasters, man-made emergency situations, and humanitarian crises with timely and accurate geo-spatial information derived from satellite remote sensing and complemented by available in situ or open data sources”. It includes two components, Early Warning and Monitoring and Mapping. The latter provides on demand geo-spatial information derived from satellite imagery during all phases of the disaster management cycle. It includes 3 systems, Rapid Mapping (RM), Risk and Recovery Mapping (RRM), and a Validation Service. RM provides geospatial information immediately after a disaster to assess its impact; RRM in the prevention, preparation and reconstruction phases; and the Validation Service is in charge of validating and verifying the products generated by both, and of collecting and analyzing users’ feedback. The wide spectrum of activities framed in the Validation Service has allowed it to become a vector to improve the Mapping component through the testing of new methodologies, data input type, or approach for the creation of emergency cartography in the frame of the CEMS. The present paper introduces the main investigation lines based on Sentinel-1 and 2 for flood and fire monitoring that could be implemented in the CEMS services taking into consideration the characteristics of the Mapping component in terms of products to create and time constraints. The applicability of Sentinel-1 for flood monitoring based on the backscattering, the MultiTemporal Coherence (MTC), and dual polarization; and for burnt area delineation based on MTC was studied, while Sentinel-2 was used for burnt area delineation based on vegetation indices. Results indicate that proposed methodologies might be appropriate for the creation of crisis information products in large areas, due to the relative easy and fast implementation compared to classic photo interpretation, although further applicability analyses should be carried out.</p>

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

3-D optical transfer in excitation field synthesis microscopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Vijay Krishnamurthi ◽  
Brent Bailey ◽  
Frederick Lanni
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Optical Transfer Function ◽  
Excitation Field ◽  
Optical Transfer ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Focus Plane

Excitation field synthesis (EFS) refers to the use of an interference optical system in a direct-imaging microscope to improve 3D resolution by axially-selective excitation of fluorescence within a specimen. The excitation field can be thought of as a weighting factor for the point-spread function (PSF) of the microscope, so that the optical transfer function (OTF) gets expanded by convolution with the Fourier transform of the field intensity. The simplest EFS system is the standing-wave fluorescence microscope, in which an axially-periodic excitation field is set up through the specimen by interference of a pair of collimated, coherent, s-polarized beams that enter the specimen from opposite sides at matching angles. In this case, spatial information about the object is recovered in the central OTF passband, plus two symmetric, axially-shifted sidebands. Gaps between these bands represent "lost" information about the 3D structure of the object. Because the sideband shift is equal to the spatial frequency of the standing-wave (SW) field, more complete recovery of information is possible by superposition of fields having different periods. When all of the fields have an antinode at a common plane (set to be coincident with the in-focus plane), the "synthesized" field is peaked in a narrow infocus zone.

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