scholarly journals Removal of Escherichia coli and Faecal Coliforms from Surface Water and Groundwater by Household Water Treatment Devices/Systems: A Sustainable Solution for Improving Water Quality in Rural Communities of the Southern African Development Community Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne K. Mwabi ◽  
Bhekie B. Mamba ◽  
Maggy N. B. Momba
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Southern African Development Community ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
African Development ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Assessing Drinking Water Quality at the Point of Collection and within Household Storage Containers in the Hilly Rural Areas of Mid and Far-Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Daniel ◽  
Arnt Diener ◽  
Jack van de Vossenberg ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
Sara J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Storage Containers

Accurate assessments of drinking water quality, household hygenic practices, and the mindset of the consumers are critical for developing effective water intervention strategies. This paper presents a microbial quality assessment of 512 samples from household water storage containers and 167 samples from points of collection (POC) in remote rural communities in the hilly area of western Nepal. We found that 81% of the stored drinking water samples (mean log10 of all samples = 1.16 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL, standard deviation (SD) = 0.84) and 68% of the POC samples (mean log10 of all samples = 0.57 CFU/100 mL, SD = 0.86) had detectable E. coli. The quality of stored water was significantly correlated with the quality at the POC, with the majority (63%) of paired samples showing a deterioration in quality post-collection. Locally applied household water treatment (HWT) methods did not effectively improve microbial water quality. Among all household sanitary inspection questions, only the presence of livestock near the water storage container was significantly correlated with its microbial contamination. Households’ perceptions of their drinking water quality were mostly influenced by the water’s visual appearance, and these perceptions in general motivated their use of HWT. Improving water quality within the distribution network and promoting safer water handling practices are proposed to reduce the health risk due to consumption of contaminated water in this setting.

scholarly journals A rapid assessment of drinking water quality in informal settlements after a cholera outbreak in Nairobi, Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Blanton ◽  
Natalie Wilhelm ◽  
Ciara O'Reilly ◽  
Everline Muhonja ◽  
Solomon Karoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure

Populations living in informal settlements with inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure are at risk of epidemic disease. In 2010, we conducted 398 household surveys in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya with isolated cholera cases. We tested source and household water for free chlorine residual (FCR) and Escherichia coli in approximately 200 households. International guidelines are ≥0.5 mg/L FCR at source, ≥0.2 mg/L at household, and <1 E. coli/100 mL. In these two settlements, 82% and 38% of water sources met FCR guidelines; and 7% and 8% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. In household stored water, 82% and 35% met FCR guidelines and 11% and 32% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. Source water FCR ≥0.5 mg/L (p = 0.003) and reported purchase of a household water treatment product (p = 0.002) were associated with increases in likelihood that household stored water had ≥0.2 mg/L FCR, which was associated with a lower likelihood of E. coli contamination (p < 0.001). These results challenge the assumption that water quality in informal settlements is universally poor and the route of disease transmission, and highlight that providing centralized water with ≥0.5 mg/L FCR or (if not feasible) household water treatment technologies reduces the risk of waterborne cholera transmission in informal settlements.

Evaluation of Field Testing Techniques Used in a Household Water Treatment Study in Posoltega, Nicaragua

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Vanderzwaag ◽  
Karen H. Bartlett ◽  
James W. Atwater ◽  
Derek Baker
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Water

Abstract A field evaluation of biosand filters, a method of household water treatment, was conducted in Posoltega, Nicaragua. The evaluation consisted of water quality testing for Escherichia coli and total coliforms using membrane filtration (MF) with m-coliBlue24 growth media, and SolarCult dipslides. For each sample tested, the MF procedure was applied to two volumes differing by an order of magnitude to capture the expected range of microbial contamination. A follow-up laboratory quality assurance/quality control procedure was undertaken to validate the field methods. The average coefficient of variation was 51%, with no statistically significant difference between the field and laboratory data. The MF procedure used with m-coliBlue24 produced useful reproducible results for the microbial concentrations encountered in the field. Dipslide results were found to correlate poorly to the membrane filtration results from the field, and should not be used to test drinking water due to the high limit of detection. They may still be useful for preliminary testing of highly contaminated source water as part of a household water treatment project. Dipslides may also be a useful tool for local health representatives to promote safe water practices within the community since they are simple to use and provide a visual indicator of water quality.

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