scholarly journals Association between the New COVID-19 Cases and Air Pollution with Meteorological Elements in Nine Counties of New York State

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 9055
Author(s):  
Carlos Díaz-Avalos ◽  
Pablo Juan ◽  
Somnath Chaudhuri ◽  
Marc Sáez ◽  
Laura Serra
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
New York State ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Meteorological Elements

The principal objective of this article is to assess the possible association between the number of COVID-19 infected cases and the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), atmospheric pollutants related to people’s mobility in urban areas, taking also into account the effect of meteorological conditions. We fit a generalized linear mixed model which includes spatial and temporal terms in order to detect the effect of the meteorological elements and COVID-19 infected cases on the pollutant concentrations. We consider nine counties of the state of New York which registered the highest number of COVID-19 infected cases. We implemented a Bayesian method using integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) with a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE). The results emphasize that all the components used in designing the model contribute to improving the predicted values and can be included in designing similar real-world data (RWD) models. We found only a weak association between PM2.5 and ozone concentrations with COVID-19 infected cases. Records of COVID-19 infected cases and other covariates data from March to May 2020 were collected from electronic health records (EHRs) and standard RWD sources.

scholarly journals LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE IN VARIOUS CITIES OF THE WORLD (REVIEW)

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
Liliya Zhuykova ◽  
Yevgeniy Choynzonov ◽  
Olga Ananina ◽  
Nina Lyakhova ◽  
Lidiya Pikalova
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New York State ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lung Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

Apart from smoking, an urban factor is an established risk factor for lung cancer. Lung cancer is associated with environmental factors, occupational exposure, bad habits and lifestyle factors. Approximately 17% of the annual deaths from lung cancer among adults are attributable to exposure to carcinogens located in the surface layer of the urban atmosphere, with industrial pollution and occupational hazards. According to recent data, 97% of cities in low- and middle-income countries with a population of more than 100 thousand people do not meet WHO recommendations for air quality; in high-income countries, this figure has been reduced to 49%. In the United States, the studies demonstrated that the prevalence of combined lung cancer was higher in urban areas (10.2%) than in rural areas (4.8%). There was a difference in the lung cancer incidence rates between the populations of the New York City and the New York State. In males, the lung cancer incidence rates were 1.4 times higher in the New York City than in the New York State (68.9 ± 1.2 0/0000 versus 48.5 ± 0.2 0/0000). In females, the lung cancer incidence rates were 1.2 times higher in the New York City than in the New York State (43.0 ± 0.3 and 34.9 ± 0.1 0/0000, respectively). In China, in urban areas, the lung cancer incidence mortality rates were 36.6 0/0000 and 28.9 0/0000, respectively. In rural areas, the corresponding values were 33.4 and 26.6 0/0000, respectively. Although the lung cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in urban areas than in rural areas, these differences are gradually decreasing: the incidence rate between urban and rural areas has decreased from 2.1 to 1.1. The issue of the impact of environment on the incidence of lung cancer is challenging. The outdoor environment affects people’s health with varying degrees of intensity both in time and in space.

Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
New York State ◽  
York State Department ◽  
Nassau County ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Community Fisheries ◽  
New Community ◽  
Department Of Environmental Conservation

<em>Abstract.-</em>New York’s involvement in urban fisheries can be traced back to 1978 when a two-year demonstration project was initiated in New York City and other urban areas in the state. Unfortunately, the program failed to consider the inherent differences between metropolitan New York and the Midwest in terms of what the public expectations were of such a program. While the St. Louis program was achieving use rates of over 10,000 h/acre, the New York program was only achieving use rates of 49-2,176 h/acre annually, resulting in its demise in 1980. In 1992, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation began a new community fishing initiative in Nassau County (Long Island). This initiative used traditional and innovative strategies to encourage local governments to work to improve the County’s freshwater resources, encourage individuals to try the sport of fishing, better manage existing fish populations, and enhance existing fishing opportunities through a fall trout stocking program. These efforts contributed to an 85% to 162% increase in angler use of individual ponds and a 111% increase in the number of angler-days expended in Nassau County.

scholarly journals A Randomized Clinical Trial of Snus Examining the Effect of Complete Versus Partial Cigarette Substitution on Smoking-Related Behaviors, and Biomarkers of Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Meier ◽  
Bruce R Lindgren ◽  
Amanda Anderson ◽  
Sarah A Reisinger ◽  
Kaila J Norton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Subsequent Exposure

Abstract Introduction This 8-week multisite, randomized controlled trial of snus examined the differential effects of instructions on (1) snus use, (2) smoking and smoking-related measures, and (3) exposure to tobacco-related constituents. Method US adult daily cigarette smokers (n = 150; 43.3% female; Medianage = 43.5) were recruited from Minneapolis, Minnesota; Columbus and Coshocton, Ohio; and Buffalo, New York. Following a 1-week sampling phase of snus, participants who used at least 7 pouches were randomized to either (1) partial substitution (PS; “use snus as you like with your cigarettes”), (2) complete substitution (CS; “avoid cigarettes”), or (3) usual brand cigarettes (UB). Analyses included between-group analyses (eg, PS vs. CS) using Wilcoxon rank sum test of cigarettes per day and snus pouches per day, and a linear mixed model (biomarkers). Results Compared to the PS and UB groups, smokers assigned to CS reported greater reductions in cigarettes per day (ps &lt; .001), using more snus pouches per day (p = .02), and more smoke-free days (CS median = 14.5, PS and UB medians = 0, p &lt; .001). In addition, results demonstrated reductions in carbon monoxide (p &lt; .001), total nicotine equivalents (p = .02), and four out of five measured volatile organic compounds (ps &lt; .01) over time among the CS group. Exposure to N′-nitrosonornicotine increased by trial end only among the PS group (p &lt; .04). Phenanthrene tetraol increased among all groups by trial end (p = .02) with no difference between groups. Conclusions Instructions to completely switch from cigarettes to snus resulted in the greatest reduction in cigarettes and exposure to harmful constituents. Implications Directly instructing smokers to switch completely to snus, rather than using ad libitum (with no instructions to avoid cigarettes), is necessary for reductions in smoking and subsequent exposure to harmful constituents.

A Technical Overview of the New York State Mesonet Standard Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1827-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerald A. Brotzge ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
C. D. Thorncroft ◽  
E. Joseph ◽  
N. Bain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New York State ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Data Quality Control ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
York State ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe New York State Mesonet (NYSM) is a network of 126 standard environmental monitoring stations deployed statewide with an average spacing of 27 km. The primary goal of the NYSM is to provide high-quality weather data at high spatial and temporal scales to improve atmospheric monitoring and prediction, especially for extreme weather events. As compared with other statewide networks, the NYSM faced considerable deployment obstacles with New York’s complex terrain, forests, and very rural and urban areas; its wide range of weather extremes; and its harsh winter conditions. To overcome these challenges, the NYSM adopted a number of innovations unique among statewide monitoring systems, including 1) strict adherence to international siting standards and metadata documentation; 2) a hardened system design to facilitate continued operations during extreme, high-impact weather; 3) a station design optimized to monitor winter weather conditions; and 4) a camera installed at every site to aid situational awareness. The network was completed in spring of 2018 and provides data and products to a variety of sectors including weather monitoring and forecasting, emergency management, agriculture, transportation, utilities, and education. This paper focuses on the standard network of the NYSM and reviews the network siting, site configuration, sensors, site communications and power, network operations and maintenance, data quality control, and dissemination. A few example analyses are shown that highlight the benefits of the NYSM.

scholarly journals Emission influences on air pollutant concentrations in New York State: I. ozone

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 100033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Blanchard ◽  
Stephanie L. Shaw ◽  
Eric S. Edgerton ◽  
James J. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
York State ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Air Pollutant Concentrations

scholarly journals Socio-economic and Demographic Determinants of Women’s Household Decision Making Autonomy in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Kanchan Kumar Sen ◽  
Mirajul Islam ◽  
Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Model Approach ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
Potential Factors

Women’s autonomy is an important element of the economic and reproductive health developments in a country. The aim of this study was to find out the potential factors associated with women’s decision-making autonomy in Bangladesh. To fulfill this purpose, the cross-sectional data obtained from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS), 2014 was used. The generalized linear mixed model approach has been applied to calculate the adjusted effects of the covariates by taking into account the correlation among subjects within clusters. The study reveals that women with age at marriage ≥ 18 years, having family size ≤ 4, having at least one child, exposed to media, belonging to NGO, living in urban areas and working outside home have greater influence on autonomy in household decision making. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(2): 115-120, 2018 (July)

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes assessment among women of child-bearing age in South Sudan: Findings from a Household Survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243969
Author(s):  
William Mude ◽  
Victor M. Oguoma ◽  
Hailay Abrha Gesesew ◽  
Edward K. Ameyaw ◽  
Carolyne Njue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Hiv Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Generalised Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Hiv Aids

This study assessed the determinants that shape HIV knowledge and attitudes among South Sudanese women by analysing a Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey collected from 9,061 women in 9,369 households. Generalised linear mixed model regression was performed. Fifty percent of respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS, with 21% and 22% exhibiting good knowledge and positive attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS, respectively. When controlled for individual and community-level variables, younger women (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–162), women with primary (AOR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.86–2.58) and secondary (AOR = 4.48; 95% CI: 3.38–5.93) education, and those living in urban areas (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.12–1.76) had significantly good knowledge. Women in the richer (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.08–2.36) and the richest (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.35–3.02) wealth quintiles had significant positive attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS. Well-designed social and behavioural campaigns targeting uneducated women and those living in rural and remote settings will enhance knowledge of perceived risk, awareness, and ability to carry out preventive behaviours.

scholarly journals Spatial Modelling of Malaria Prevalence in Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
Morris Mwenda John ◽  
Elphas Luchemo ◽  
Ayubu Anapapa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Malaria Burden

Malaria is one of the leading causes of deaths in Kenya. Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by a parasite of the genus plasmodium. Complete eradication of malaria in the country has remained a problem. A lot of effort and resources has been put in the fight against malaria in developing countries which has led to underdevelopment and low human development index. Malaria burden affects the world’s poorest countries. About 90% of the malaria burden is reported in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has led to high mortality cases in children and pregnant women. Despite the massive government eradication campaign, new and resurgent cases have been recorded. The specific objective was to determine the malaria risk factors and spatial distribution in Kenya. The 2015 malaria indicator survey data was used for the study. Demographic and social-economic factors were used as predictor variables. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the spatial variation and prevalence of malaria in Kenya. Demographic and social-economic factors were found to have significant impact on Prevalence of malaria in kenya. Most cases of malaria were reported in lake, western and coastal regions. The most prone areas were Kisumu, Homabay, Kakamega and Mombasa. There were less cases in central Kenya counties like Nyeri, Tharaka-Nithi with a significant number reported in arid and semi-arid regions of Northern-Kenya counties of Garissa, Mandera, Baringo. Rural population was more susceptible to malaria compared to those in urban areas. The odds of getting (verse not getting malaria) in places of residence increases by 1.32, which is estimated to .28, CIs 95% (1.01, 1.72), and a p-value .04. Malaria prevalence varied significantly from one region to another. The study established that Spatial autocorrelation exists among regions mostly due to weather patterns, geography, cultural practices and socio-economic factors.

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