scholarly journals Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2048
Author(s):  
Carlos Varea ◽  
Elena Sánchez-García ◽  
Barry Bogin ◽  
Luis Ríos ◽  
Bustar Gómez-Salinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
The City

Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.

Recentering Beijing: Sport, Space, and Subjectivities

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Zhang ◽  
Michael L. Silk
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Social Cleavages ◽  
Consumer Capitalism ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
The City ◽  
Complex Manner

At present, and as China negotiates the instantiation of consumer capitalism, her urban spaces have experienced agonizing growth affecting housing, the internationalization of cities, interactions between government and developers, the development of rural land, migrant flows, and social stratification within the city. Focusing on Beijing, we locate the efforts to host major sporting events—especially the 1990 Asian Games and the 2008 Olympic Games—within the dynamics of the spatial reconfigurations in Beijing, a rapid reordering based on “capital space” (Harvey, 2001), gentrification, and the lifestyle practices of a burgeoning middle and upper class of Beijingers. In so doing, we offer a multidimensional account of the complex manner in which power, mobility, and transformation within a modernizing Beijing intersects with the discursive constitution of bodies, concluding with regard to new forms of social cleavages and inequalities that derive from embracing, however selectively, the logistics of the market in the framework set by the Chinese nation-state.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Role of Higher Education Opportunity Expansion in Social Stratification

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ma Lulu ◽  
Zhao Cuilan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Education Opportunity ◽  
Expansion Of Higher Education

With higher education entering the public’s vision, the expansion of higher education opportunities has gradually become a hot topic. The lower class is eager to achieve class mobility through this opportunity, while the upper class firmly grasps the few high-quality places in higher education. What role will the expansion of higher education opportunities plays in the overall social stratification? This paper discusses the impact of the expansion of higher education opportunities on social stratification from the upper class and the lower class.

Stratification, Entrepreneurial Choice and Income Growth: The Moderating Role of Subnational Marketization in an Emerging Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 104225872199894
Author(s):  
Yiyi Su ◽  
Shaker A. Zahra ◽  
Di Fan
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Moderating Role

In this study, we examine the moderating role of subnational institutions (marketization) in the relationship between social stratification, on the one hand, and entrepreneurial choice and income growth, on the other. Our analyses, using data from 5,581 individual-wave observations from nine provincial regions in rural China, across six data collection waves, show that: (1) lower-class status is conducive to self-employment, while being from the upper class encourages individuals to become employers; (2) compared to their middle-class counterparts, both upper- and lower-class entrepreneurs enjoy higher levels of income growth; and (3) when subnational marketization is high, the positive effect of being upper class on selecting entrepreneurship as a career is weakened, but the effect on income growth among entrepreneurs is strengthened. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory and future research.

Social Stratification at the Top Rung

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Thiele ◽  
Brian Joseph Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social System ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Elite University ◽  
Class Background ◽  
Selective Universities ◽  
Depth Interviews

Drawing on 44 in-depth interviews with undergraduates, this research explores whether and how class background matters for students’ social experiences at an elite university. The findings reveal that, compared with upper-class students, both lower- and middle-class students are disadvantaged in their social integration due to a lack of resources (time and money) and a mismatch of cultural styles. Middle-class students tend to reference upward to their upper-class peers, developing a critical view of the campus social system. In contrast, lower-class students reference their less advantaged peers or family members who do not have access to elite spaces. Our findings suggest that the stratified social system on campus reduces lower- and middle-class students’ potential for upward mobility within a high-stakes setting. Thus, scholars and policymakers should pay attention not only to the experiences of lower-class students but also to the challenges confronting middle-class students at highly selective universities.

Evangelical Religion and Victorian Women: The Belfast Female Mission, 1859–1903

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. IAN DICKSON
Keyword(s):  
Popular Religion ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Victorian Women ◽  
Public Expression ◽  
Evangelical Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In 1859, following the evangelical revival in Ulster, a Female Mission was founded in Belfast as an evangelistic agency and philanthropic enterprise. It was one of many voluntary societies. Upper-class evangelical women employed the services of lower-class women of similar religious energy to work among the poor of the city. This article explores the surviving documentation of the mission to assess its work, and, more important, to ascertain if involvement in this limited public sphere was a catalyst in the broader liberation of evangelical women. The issues go beyond the relationship of inner faith and public expression in popular religion to the notion that evangelicalism, as a heightened form of Christian belief and action, was a trajectory as well as a boundary in nineteenth-century society.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE AMARNA LETTERS TOWARDS A STUDY OF SYRO-PALESTINIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE (1). TERMINOLOGY FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 788-832
Author(s):  
Lukas M. Muntingh
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Social ◽  
Amarna Letters ◽  
Free People ◽  
Shed Light

Egyptian domination under the 18th and 19th Dynasties deeply influenced political and social life in Syria and Palestine. The correspondence between Egypt and her vassals in Syria and Palestine in the Amarna age, first half of the fourteenth century B.C., preserved for us in the Amarna letters, written in cuneiform on clay tablets discovered in 1887, offer several terms that can shed light on the social structure during the Late Bronze Age. In the social stratification of Syria and Palestine under Egyptian rule according to the Amarna letters, three classes are discernible:1) government officials and military personnel, 2) free people, and 3) half-free people and slaves. In this study, I shall limit myself to the first, the upper class. This article deals with terminology for government officials.

scholarly journals Publications about Women, Science, and Engineering: Use of Sex and Gender in Titles over a Forty-six-year Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 016224392110276
Author(s):  
Mary Frank Fox ◽  
Diana Roldan Rueda ◽  
Gerhard Sonnert ◽  
Amanda Nabors ◽  
Sarah Bartel
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Critical Case ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Analytical Issue ◽  
Key Features ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Science Policies

This article focuses on key features of the use of sex and gender in titles of articles about women, science, and engineering over an important forty-six-year period (1965–2010). The focus is theoretically and empirically consequential. Theoretically, the paper addresses science as a critical case that connects femininity/masculinity to social stratification; and the use of sex and gender as an enduring, analytical issue that reveals perspectives on hierarchies of femininity/masculinity. Empirically, this article identifies the emergence, development, and stabilization of published articles about women, science, and engineering that use sex and gender in their titles. The distinctive method involves search, retrieval, and review of 23,430 articles, using intercoder reliabilities for inclusion/exclusion. This results in a uniquely specified and comprehensive set of articles on our subject and the identification of titles with sex and gender. Findings point to (1) the growth of gender titles, (2) their increase in every field, (3) differing concentrations of sex and gender titles in journals, (4) a span of telling topic areas, and (5) higher citation rates of gender, compared to sex, titles. Broader implications appear in reasons for the growth of gender titles, meanings of topic areas that occur, insights into social inequalities and science policies, and emerging complexities of nonbinary categories of sex/gender.

Gentrification and neighborhood melancholy. Collective sadness and ambivalence in Dortmund’s Hörde district

2021 ◽  
pp. 147447402098725
Author(s):  
Susanne Frank
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Artificial Lake ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mixed Feelings ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The City ◽  
The Phoenix

Since 2000, the City of Dortmund has pursued an ambitious flagship project in the district of Hoerde. On the enormous site of a former steel plant, and in the middle of an impoverished working class district, a large new upper-middle class residential area (Phoenix) has been developed around an artificial lake. Qualitative fieldwork suggests that the project has generated mixed feelings among longtime working class dwellers in the old part of Hoerde. Widespread enthusiasm about new lakeside living is interwoven with emotions of sadness and loss, reflecting a neighborhood transformation which unmistakably demonstrates their social, cultural, and political marginalization – feelings that were not allowed to become part of the jubilant official discourse which has marketed the Phoenix project as a shining example of the City’s successful post-industrial structural change. Ever since its announcement, the project has been blamed for triggering gentrification processes – despite the fact that there are still no empirical signs of rising rents or displacement. I argue that the concept of gentrification has been taken up so readily because it is popular, polyvalent, polemical, and critical, enabling citizens to find a language to denounce the blatant social inequalities and power imbalances that competitive urbanism has fostered in Dortmund. However, I also claim that the core of the prevailing sadness – the loss of the familiar neighborhood which could not be grieved over – remains under the radar of standard gentrification discourse. The article thus proposes neighborhood melancholy as a concept to account for the unclear, subconscious, and deeply ambivalent ways in which long-established residents experience their neighborhood’s transformation, expressed within the rubric of gentrification.

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