scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Time Series Studies Addressing the Endemic Risk of Acute Gastroenteritis According to Drinking Water Operation Conditions in Urban Areas of Developed Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Beaudeau
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Time Series Studies

scholarly journals A systematic review of waterborne disease burden methodologies from developed countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Murphy ◽  
K. D. M. Pintar ◽  
E. A. McBean ◽  
M. K. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
True Incidence

The true incidence of endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) attributable to drinking water in Canada is unknown. Using a systematic review framework, the literature was evaluated to identify methods used to attribute AGI to drinking water. Several strategies have been suggested or applied to quantify AGI attributable to drinking water at a national level. These vary from simple point estimates, to quantitative microbial risk assessment, to Monte Carlo simulations, which rely on assumptions and epidemiological data from the literature. Using two methods proposed by researchers in the USA, this paper compares the current approaches and key assumptions. Knowledge gaps are identified to inform future waterborne disease attribution estimates. To improve future estimates, there is a need for robust epidemiological studies that quantify the health risks associated with small, private water systems, groundwater systems and the influence of distribution system intrusions on risk. Quantification of the occurrence of enteric pathogens in water supplies, particularly for groundwater, is needed. In addition, there are unanswered questions regarding the susceptibility of vulnerable sub-populations to these pathogens and the influence of extreme weather events (precipitation) on AGI-related health risks. National centralized data to quantify the proportions of the population served by different water sources, by treatment level, source water quality, and the condition of the distribution system infrastructure, are needed.

scholarly journals Climate change adaptation to extreme heat: A global systematic review of implemented action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynée L Turek-Hankins ◽  
Erin Coughlan de Perez ◽  
Giulia Scarpa ◽  
Raquel Ruiz-Diaz ◽  
Patricia Nayna Shwerdtle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Heat Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Hydrological Hazards

Abstract Extreme heat events impact people and ecosystems across the globe, and they are becoming more frequent and intense in a warming climate. Responses to heat span sectors and geographic boundaries. Prior research has documented technologies or options that can be deployed to manage extreme heat and examples of how individuals, communities, governments, and other stakeholder groups are adapting to heat. However, a comprehensive understanding of the current state of implemented heat adaptations—where, why, how, and to what extent they are occurring—has not been established. Here, we combine data from the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative with a heat-specific systematic review to analyze the global extent and diversity of documented heat adaptation actions (n = 301 peer-reviewed articles). Data from 98 countries suggest that documented heat adaptations fundamentally differ by geographic region and national income. In high-income, developed countries, heat is overwhelmingly treated as a health issue, particularly in urban areas. However, in low and middle income, developing countries, heat adaptations focus on agricultural and livelihood-based impacts, primarily considering heat as a compound hazard with drought and other hydrological hazards. 63% of the heat-adaptation articles feature individuals or communities autonomously adapting, highlighting how responses to date have largely consisted of coping strategies. The current global status of responses to intensifying extreme heat, largely autonomous and incremental yet widespread, establishes a foundation for informed decision making as heat impacts around the world continue to increase.

scholarly journals Quality of Source Water and Drinking Water in Urban Areas of Myanmar

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Sakai ◽  
Yatsuka Kataoka ◽  
Kensuke Fukushi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Quality Assessments

Myanmar is one of the least developed countries in the world, and very little information is available regarding the nation’s water quality. This report gives an overview of the current situation in the country, presenting the results of various water-quality assessments in urban areas of Myanmar. River, dam, lake, and well water sources were examined and found to be of generally good quality. Both As andF-were present in relatively high concentrations and must be removed before deep wells are used. Heterotrophic plate counts in drinking water were highest in public pots, followed by nonpiped tap water, piped tap water, and bottled water. Measures need to be taken to improve low-quality water in pots and nonpiped tap waters.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the relationship between fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis: a ten-year systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Akuno ◽  
G. Nocella ◽  
E. P. Milia ◽  
L. Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between naturally fluoridated groundwater and dental fluorosis has received large attention from researchers around the world. Despite recognition that several factors influence this relationship, there is a lack of systematic studies analyzing the heterogeneity of these results. To fill such a gap, this study performs a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand which factors influence this relationship and how. Selected studies were sampled between 2007 and 2017 from Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus using keywords and Boolean operators. Results of the systematic review show that dental fluorosis affects individuals of all ages, with the highest prevalence below 11, while the impact of other factors (gender, environmental conditions, diet and dental caries) was inconclusive. Meta-regression analysis, based on information collected through systematic review, indicates that both fluoride in drinking water and temperature influence dental fluorosis significantly and that these studies might be affected by publication bias. Findings show that fluoride negatively affects people's health in less developed countries. The conclusions discuss policy tools and technological innovations that could reduce fluoride levels below that of the World Health Organization (WHO) (<1.5 mg/L).

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