scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Bangladesh: Prevalence among General Population, Risk Groups and Genotype Distribution

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. uz-Zaman ◽  
Ayesha Rahman ◽  
Mahmuda Yasmin
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hbv Prevalence

Despite a considerable body of published research on hepatitis B in Bangladesh, researchers continue to lament the lack of reliable information about hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection epidemiology. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature with particular focus on a number of epidemiological questions, as well as a commentary on the trends of hepatitis B research as it has taken place in Bangladesh. The key themes to emerge from this review are: first, beyond noting a declining trend, it is difficult to provide conclusive estimates about HBV prevalence in the general population of Bangladesh. The majority of the studies, even the ones conducted on apparently healthy populations, fail to be adequately representative for the reasons explored in the article. Secondly, HBV infection in Bangladesh is sharply stratified across sociodemographic lines, which speaks to the role of awareness and risk exposure in HBV prevalence. Third, more research on occult infection rates is required to estimate the extent of risk posed by the current blood donation screening program, which relies exclusively on hepatitis B surface antigen as a biomarker. The same considerations apply for the comparative importance of vertical versus horizontal transmission and prevalence among particular risk groups like healthcare workers with high occupational exposure. Finally, while recent studies do allow us, albeit with some ambiguity, to draw conclusions about distribution of HBV genotypes in Bangladesh, there needs to be an added emphasis on molecular epidemiology. It is hoped that the present review, the first of its kind in Bangladesh, will serve as an up-to-date summary of the course HBV epidemiology research in Bangladesh has taken thus far, as well as crucial gaps to address going forward.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in Bangladesh: Prevalence Among General Population, Risk Groups, and Genotype Distribution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Hassan uz-Zaman ◽  
Ayesha Rahman ◽  
Mahmuda Yasmin
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Despite a considerable body of published research on Hepatitis B in Bangladesh, researchers continue to lament the lack of reliable information about Hepatitis B epidemiology. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature with particular focus on a number of epidemiological questions, as well as a commentary on the trends of Hepatitis B research as it has taken place in Bangladesh. The key themes to emerge from this review are: first, beyond noting a declining trend, it is difficult to provide conclusive estimates about Hepatitis B prevalence in the general population of Bangladesh. The majority of the studies, even the ones conducted on apparently healthy populations, fail to be adequately representative for the reasons explored in the article. Secondly, Hepatitis B in Bangladesh is sharply stratified across sociodemographic lines, which speaks to the role of awareness and risk exposure in Hepatitis B prevalence. Third, more research on occult infection rates is required to estimate the extent of risk posed by the current blood donation screening program, which relies exclusively on Hepatitis B surface antigen as a biomarker. The same considerations apply for the comparative importance of vertical vs. horizontal transmission, and prevalence among particular risk groups like healthcare workers with high occupational exposure. Finally, while recent studies do allow us, albeit with some ambiguity, to draw conclusions about distribution of Hepatitis B genotypes in Bangladesh, there needs to be an added emphasis on molecular epidemiology. It is hoped that the present review, the first of its kind in Bangladesh, will serve as an up-to-date summary of the course Hepatitis B epidemiology research in Bangladesh has taken thus far, as well as crucial gaps to address going forward.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among US Adults Aged 20–59 Years With a History of Injection Drug Use: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2619-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Z Shing ◽  
Kathleen N Ly ◽  
Jian Xing ◽  
Eyasu H Teshale ◽  
Ruth B Jiles
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
National Health ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
B Virus

Abstract Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can transmit through needle sharing. The national HBV infection prevalence in persons who inject drugs remains ill-defined. We estimated the prevalence of total HBV core antibody (anti-HBc) positivity, indicating a previous or ongoing HBV infection, among adults aged 20–59 years with an injection drug use (IDU) history. We compared select characteristics by anti-HBc status. Methods Using 2001–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we calculated the anti-HBc positivity prevalence among adults with IDU histories and among the general US population. For adults with IDU histories, we compared sex, age group, birth cohort, race/ethnicity, health insurance coverage, and hepatitis A immunity by anti-HBc status. Using marginal structural models, we calculated model-adjusted prevalence rates and ratios to determine the characteristics associated with anti-HBc positivity among adults with IDU histories. Results From 2001–2016, the anti-HBc positivity prevalence was 19.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.0–24.0%) among those with IDU histories, compared with 4.6% (95% CI 4.3–5.0%) in the general population. The HBV surface antigen positivity prevalence was 0.4% (95% CI 0.3–0.5%) in the general population. Among adults with IDU histories, 19.8% reported prior-year IDU and 28.5% had a hepatitis A immunity. Conclusions One-fifth of adults with IDU histories had a previous or ongoing HBV infection: a rate over 4 times higher than the prevalence in the general population. One-fifth of adults with IDU histories reported prior-year use. Programs promoting safe IDU practices, drug treatment, and hepatitis A and B vaccinations should be key components of viral hepatitis prevention.

Hepatitis B Virus (Hepadnaviridae: Orthohepadnavirus: Hepatitis B virus) among Hospitalized Mentally Disabled Patients is not transmitted by their nurses or family members

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 350-356
Author(s):  
H. Sarbandi ◽  
S. M. Hosseini ◽  
K. Vakili ◽  
M. Fathi ◽  
N. V. Deravi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mentally Disabled ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Disabled Patients

Background. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been reported to be higher in the institutionalized mentally disabled patients than that of the general population previously reported in Iran. This study aims to investigate HBV infection among nurses and families of the hospitalized mentally disabled patients.Material and methods. This study was conducted on 110 nurses and family members of the mentally disabled patients who were hospitalized in five residential care centers of Tehran. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) was examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Afterwards, HBV DNA was extracted, and then propagated via a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method to compare virus genomes in the nurses’ serum with other isolated HBVs worldwide.Results. Out of 102 studied nurses, three (3%) were positive for HBsAg (100% female). Also, no patient was positive for the HBV genome, while eight (7.3%) nurses were positive for HBcAb including two (25%) males and six (75%) females. Genome sequencing of one DNA positive sample showed that the isolated virus from this patient contained sub genotype D1 and subtype ayw2. The results of none of the family members were positive for HBsAg, HBcAb, or HBV DNA.Conclusion. This study showed a higher prevalence of HBsAg among nurses (3%) compared to the Iranian general population (1.7–2.1%). The virus isolated from the nurses belonged to subgenotype D1 and subtype ayw2 in accordance with previous Iranian reports. Also, there was no drug-resistant or vaccine-escape mutations in the obtained viral genome. Moreover, low immune pressure on the virus in the asymptomatic chronic HBV patients might be responsible for low nucleotide divergence among the derived HBV genome.

Horizontal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection to United States-Born Children of Hmong Refugees

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
Marjorie B. Hurie ◽  
Eric E. Mast ◽  
Jeffrey P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Household Members

There is evidence that hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission continues among Southeast Asian refugees after resettlement. To determine the prevalence of HBV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] positive or core antibody positive) and modes of transmission in Hmong refugee households in Wisconsin, results of serologic tests were reviewed for 429 US-born children not previously vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and 754 of their Asian-born household members. The prevalence of HBV infection was 14% (62/429) among all US-born children, 30% (21/69) among children whose mothers were HBsAg-positive, and 11% (41/360) among children whose mothers were HBsAg-negative. Among children whose mothers were HBsAg-negative, the prevalence of HBV infection increased with increasing age (χ2 test for trend = 5.6, P .02) and was related to the household presence of HBsAg-positive sibling(s) (relative risk 4.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.5, 9.3; P < .001). Of the 62 infected children, 13 (21%) lived in households with no HBsAg-positive household members. US-born children of Hmong refugees apparently acquire HBV infection through both horizontal and perinatal transmission. These findings emphasize the importance of routinely integrating hepatitis B vaccine doses into the childhood vaccination schedule for all infants whose parents are from areas where HBV infection is highly endemic. In addition, the findings support the need for pediatricians to consider vaccinating older children (up to age 7 years) whose parents are from HBV-endemic areas.

scholarly journals African, Amerindian and European hepatitis B virus strains circulate on the Caribbean Island of Martinique

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 2318-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ségolène Brichler ◽  
Gisèle Lagathu ◽  
Mariama Abdou Chekaraou ◽  
Frédéric Le Gal ◽  
André Edouard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
West African ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Hbv Genotypes ◽  
B Virus

Ten Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, as well as numerous subgenotypes, have been described in well-characterized ethnogeographical populations. Martinique has been at a crossroads between Africa, Europe, India and the Americas because of the slave trade (17th–19th centuries), followed by an important immigration of Indian and West African workers. In this work, we aimed to study the molecular epidemiology of HBV infection in Martinique according to this unique settlement pattern. To that end, blood samples from 86 consecutive HBV-infected patients from the main hospitals of the island, were retrospectively analysed. Direct sequencing of the pre-S1 or pre-C-C region or complete genome sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses were performed. HBV genotypes were: HBV/A1 (68.6 %), HBV/A2 (10.5 %), HBV/D, mainly HBV/D3 and HBV/D4 (8.1 %), HBV/F (3.5 %), and also HBV/E (2.3 %), two strains isolated from two West-African patients. Moreover, 74 % of the HBeAg-negative strains harboured classical pre-C-C mutations, and most HBV/A1 strains also containing specific mutations. Finally, various patterns of deletion mutants in pre-S and pre-C-C regions were found. In conclusion, our findings point to historical and migration-related issues in HBV-genotype distribution suggesting that HBV/A1, but not HBV/E, was imported from Africa during the slave trade, and further supporting the hypothesis that HBV/E has emerged recently in West Africa (<150 years). Potential origins of ‘European’ HBV/A2 and HBV/D3, ‘Amerindian’ HBV/F, and HBV/D4 strains are also discussed. Such HBV genetic diversity, beyond its epidemiological interest, may have a clinical impact on the natural history of HBV infection in Martinique.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection among the Nicobarese – a mongoloid tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. MURHEKAR ◽  
K. M. MURHEKAR ◽  
V. A. ARANKALLE ◽  
S. C. SEHGAL
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Past History ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Andaman And Nicobar Islands ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Nicobar Islands

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Union Territory of India, is home to six primitive tribes. Preliminary serological studies carried out earlier among the four accessible tribes revealed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is hyper-endemic among them. The present study was carried out to understand important modes of transmission and to identify possible risk factors associated with HBV infection among the Nicobarese tribe. The epidemiology of HBV infection in these islands appears to be distinct with a high prevalence of the chronic carrier state (22·2%) associated with a comparable proportion of the population being anti-HBs positive (26·3%). More than half of the HBsAg and anti-HBs negative individuals have anti-HBc antibodies. Age, past history of hospital admission, intramuscular injections and number of carriers in the tuhet were found to be significantly associated with exposure to hepatitis B virus. Horizontal transmission through close contact with carriers and perinatal route appears to be an important mode of transmission of HBV in this community. Besides this, use of unsafe injections represents an independent risk factor for acquiring HBV infection in this population. Introducing HBV vaccine in the infant immunization programme and improving injection safety would help to control the infection in the tribal community of these islands.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B virus infection in general population in Madagascar: evidence for different epidemiological patterns in urban and in rural areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Boisier ◽  
L. Rabarijaona ◽  
M. Piollet ◽  
J. F. Roux ◽  
H. G. Zeller
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Postnatal Transmission ◽  
Hbv Markers ◽  
B Virus ◽  
History Of

SummaryTo describe the features of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Madagascar, a randomized sero-epidemiological survey was undertaken in the general population ≥ 1 year old of two provinces which represents 45% of the total population. In the 921 sera tested, the prevalence of HBV markers was 20·5% for HBsAg, 38·2% for anti-HBc and 6·9% for HBeAg. HBsAg and anti-HBc prevalence rates were significantly higher in males. A large difference in HBsAg prevalence was observed between urban (5·3%) and rural areas (26·0%). The same contrast in prevalence was noticed for the other HBV markers. In rural areas, HBV infection was more frequently acquired early in infancy, which suggests predominantly perinatal or postnatal transmission. The presence of HBV markers was not significantly associated with a history of blood transfusion, surgery or parenteral injection. High infectivity carriers represented 5·3% and the overall frequency of chronic carriers was 10·4%. These results place Madagascar among areas of high endemicity.

scholarly journals Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in east Africa: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published from 2005 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Mukasa Kafeero ◽  
Dorothy Ndagire ◽  
Ponsiano Ocama ◽  
Ali Kudamba ◽  
Abdul Walusansa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hbv Prevalence ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Published Research

Abstract Background The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the general population in east Africa is not well documented. In this meta-analysis, we examined 37 full published research articles to synthesise up-to-date data on the prevalence and predictors of the HBV burden for the effective prevention and management of the virus in our region. Methods We examined 37 full published research articles found using PubMed, Scopus, African Journal Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar between May and October 2020. Dichotomous data on HBV prevalence and predictors of infection were extracted from the individual studies. The HBV prevalence, test of proportion, relative risk, and I2 statistics for heterogeneity were calculated using MedCalc software version 19.1.3. Begg’s tests was used to test for publication bias. Sources of heterogeneity were analysed through sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and sub-group analysis at 95% CI. P < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Results The prevalence of HBV was generally high (6.025%), with publications from Kenya (8.54%), Uganda (8.454%) and those from between 2011 and 2015 (8.759%) reporting the highest prevalence (P < 0.05). Blood transfusion, scarification, promiscuity, HIV seropositivity, and being male were independent predictors significantly associated with HBV infection (P < 0.05), with the male sex being the most strongly associated predictor of HBV infection. Meta-regressions for the pooled HBV prevalence and sample size, as well as the year of publication, lacked statistical significance (P > 0.05). Omitting the study with the largest sample size slightly increased pooled HBV prevalence to 6.149%, suggesting that the studies are robust. Begg’s test showed no evidence of publication bias for overall meta-analysis (p > 0.05). Conclusion The burden of HBV is still high, with the male sex, blood transfusion, body scarification, and HIV seropositivity being potential predictors of infection. Thus, it is important to scale up control and prevention measures targeting persons at high risk.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B virus infection among men who have sex with men and transgender women living with or at risk for HIV: A cross sectional study in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusegun A. ADEYEMI ◽  
Andrew MITCHELL ◽  
Ashley SHUTT ◽  
Trevor A. CROWELL ◽  
Nicaise NDEMBI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Condomless Sex ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hbv Prevalence ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Despite the development of a safe and efficacious hepatitis B vaccine in 1982, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to shared risk factors for virus acquisition, men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) living with HIV are at increased risk of HBV. We estimated the prevalence of HBV and associated factors for MSM and TGW living with or without HIV in Nigeria. Methods Since March 2013, TRUST/RV368 has recruited MSM and TGW in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria using respondent driven sampling. Participants with HIV diagnosis, enrollment as of June 2015, and available plasma were retrospectively tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with prevalent HBV infection. Results A total of 717 MSM and TGW had a median age of 25 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 21-27), 5% self-reported HBV vaccination, 61% were living with HIV, 10% had prevalent HBV infection and 6% were HIV-HBV co-infected. HIV mono-infected as compared to HIV-HBV co-infected had a higher median CD4 T cell count [425 (IQR: 284-541) vs. 345 (IQR: 164-363) cells/mm 3 , p=0.03] and a lower median HIV RNA viral load [4.2 (IQR: 2.3-4.9) vs. 4.7 (IQR: 3.9-5.4) log 10 copies/mL, p<0.01]. The only factor independently associated with HBV was self-report of condomless sex at last anal intercourse (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.6). HIV infection was not independently associated with HBV (OR: 1.0, 95% CI: 0.7-1.6). Conclusion HBV prevalence was moderately high but did not differ by HIV in this cohort of MSM and TGW. Condomless sex was associated with elevated HBV risk, reinforcing the need to increase communication and education on condom use among key populations in Nigeria. Evaluating use of concurrent HIV antiretroviral therapy with anti-HBV activity may confirm the attenuated HBV prevalence for those living with HIV.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B virus infection among people who use drugs in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trend analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasna Rostam-Abadi ◽  
Hossein Rafiemanesh ◽  
Jaleh Gholami ◽  
Behrang Shadloo ◽  
Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Hbsag Prevalence ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hbv Prevalence

Abstract Background People who use drugs (PWUD) are considered as one of the main at-risk populations for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We conducted a systematic review on the prevalence of HBV infection among PWUD in Iran. Methods Consistent with PRISMA guideline, international (Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) and national (Scientific Information Database) databases were searched using a comprehensive search strategy up to September 2019. The retrieved records were reviewed, and experts were contacted for unpublished studies. Studies on Iranian PWUD reporting HBV surface Antigen (HBsAg) prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and non-injecting PWUD were included. HBsAg prevalence was pooled for PWID and non-injecting PWUD and for other subgroups using random-effects model meta-analysis. The trend of HBV prevalence over time was investigated using meta-regression analysis. Results Overall, 35 studies reported data on HBV infection among PWID (33 studies) and non-injecting PWUD (11 studies). The pooled prevalence of HBsAg among PWID was 4.8% (95% CI 3.7–6.2). The only risk factor significantly associated with the odds of positive HBsAg in PWID was the previous history of imprisonment (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.29–2.30, p value = 0.000). The pooled estimate of HBsAg among non-injecting PWUD was 2.9% (95% CI 2.5–3.2). Time trend analyses showed significant decrease in HBV prevalence among PWID reaching from 8.2% (95% CI 3.9–16.5) in 2004–2006 to 3.1% (95% CI 2.3–4.1) in 2016 and later (b = -0.07; p value = 0.05). No significant trend was detected for non-injecting PWUD. Conclusion The prevalence of HBV infection among non-injecting PWUD and even PWID was not considerably higher than the Iranian general population. This might be the result of extensive harm reduction interventions in Iran. However, it seems that there are subgroups of PWID, who do not adequately benefit from existing harm reduction interventions. Future programs should more specifically target these high-risk groups.

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