scholarly journals Sunflower Genetics from Ancestors to Modern Hybrids—A Review

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Radanović ◽  
Dragana Miladinović ◽  
Sandra Cvejić ◽  
Milan Jocković ◽  
Siniša Jocić
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Breeding Date ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Domestication Process ◽  
Breeding Techniques ◽  
Made In

Domestication and the first steps of sunflower breeding date back more than 4000 years. As an interesting crop to humans, sunflower underwent significant changes in the past to finally find its place as one of the most significant oil crops today. Substantial progress has already been made in understanding how sunflower was domesticated. Recent advances in molecular techniques with improved experimental designs contributed to further understanding of the genetic and molecular basis underlying the architectural and phenotypic changes that occurred during domestication and improvements in sunflower breeding. Understanding the domestication process and assessing the current situation concerning available genotypic variations are essential in order for breeders to face future challenges. A review of the tools that are used for exploring the genetic and genome changes associated with sunflower domestication is given in the paper, along with a discussion of their possible implications on classical sunflower breeding techniques and goals.

The molecular biology of temperature-dependent sex determination

1995 ◽  
Vol 350 (1333) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Common Molecular Basis ◽  
Made In

Many reptiles do not have heteromorphic sex chromosomes and for these species sex is determined during embryogenesis by the temperature of egg incubation rather than at conception. The phenomenon of temperature- dependent sex determination (TSD) was discovered almost thirty years ago, but few advances have been made towards the elucidation of its mechanism. In the past few years substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular basis of XY chromosomal (genetic) sex determination (GSD) through the discovery of SRY. It is now possible to start comparing TSD with GSD. TSD is found in some evolutionarily ancient vertebrates and has been postulated to be the ancestral process from which GSD has evolved. If this is true then the two mechanisms may share a common molecular basis. This paper details the current knowledge of GSD, our progress on the investigation of the involvement of SRY-type proteins, and finally presents some of the problems that need to be resolved to gain an understanding of the molecular basis of TSD.

THE STATUS OF TWO-NEUTRINO AND NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY SEARCHES

1993 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 507-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. MOE
Keyword(s):  
Beta Decay ◽  
Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay ◽  
Double Beta Decay ◽  
Experimental Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Direct Counting ◽  
Made In

Substantial progress has been made in double beta decay experiments in the past few years, including the beginning of sensitive new searches for neutrinoless double beta decay, and several additional positive detections of the two-neutrino mode by geochemical, radiochemical, and direct-counting techniques. This review discusses the recent experimental activity.

scholarly journals Finding a signal hidden among noise: how can predators overcome camouflage strategies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20190478 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. M. Galloway ◽  
Samuel D. Green ◽  
Martin Stevens ◽  
Laura A. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Recognition Systems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Evolving Models ◽  
Made In ◽  
Detection And Recognition

Substantial progress has been made in the past 15 years regarding how prey use a variety of visual camouflage types to exploit both predator visual processing and cognition, including background matching, disruptive coloration, countershading and masquerade. By contrast, much less attention has been paid to how predators might overcome these defences. Such strategies include the evolution of more acute senses, the co-opting of other senses not targeted by camouflage, changes in cognition such as forming search images, and using behaviours that change the relationship between the cryptic individual and the environment or disturb prey and cause movement. Here, we evaluate the methods through which visual camouflage prevents detection and recognition, and discuss if and how predators might evolve, develop or learn counter-adaptations to overcome these. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.

Money, Morphology and Molecules. Some comments on Wortley, Bennett and Scotland (2002), Taxonomy and phylogeny reconstruction: two distinct research agendas in systematics. (see p. 335 of this issue)

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. STEVENS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Systematics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogeny Reconstruction ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Made In

The state of systematics, for convenience here divided into taxonomy (the delimitation, description and inventory of species) and phylogeny reconstruction, is evaluated. Molecular systematics may seem overemphasized, but the resulting gains made in our understanding of relationships in a relatively short time are very considerable. Although morphological data currently play only a limited role in detecting large-scale phylogenetic pattern, the analysis by Wortley et al. of the role morphology has played in the past is not easily interpreted. At species level, it is unclear what effect molecular techniques will have on our understanding of species limits, but it is likely to be considerable. Although taxonomy is both essential and underfunded, there seems little point in asking for more money until we can justify the limits of the species we describe more clearly and until we have cleared up the impediments that so much slow the practice of taxonomy. Business cannot remain as usual if any of the grand inventory projects we have started are to be finished within a reasonable time, or even to be of much use when they are.

scholarly journals The gathering momentum for animal rights

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David FAVRE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Professors ◽  
Made In

The focus of this article is to track the progress that has been made on behalf of<br />animals within the legal institutions of the United States. While there is an obvious focus on<br />the adoption of new laws, there are many steps or changes that are necessary within broader<br />legal intuitions if substantial progress is to be made in the changing and enforcing of the<br />laws. For example, at the same time that legislatures must be convinced of the need for<br />change, so must the judges believe in the new laws, otherwise enforcement of the law will be<br />not forthcoming.<br />Besides the court and the legislature, legal institutions include law schools, legal publications,<br />and the various associations of lawyers and law professors. What is the visibility and<br />credibility of animal issues within these institutions? Without progress within all aspects of<br />the legal community, success on behalf of animals is not possible. We in the United States<br />have made progress, particularly in the past ten years, but we have much yet that needs to be<br />done. By charting the progress and lack of progress in the United States, the readers in<br />Brazil and other countries will have some landmarks by which to judge the progress of the<br />issue of animal rights/welfare within their own country.

scholarly journals Molecular and Biomechanical Adaptations to Mechanical Stretch in Cultured Myotubes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dapeng Ren ◽  
Jing Song ◽  
Ran Liu ◽  
Xuemin Zeng ◽  
Xiao Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Cultured Myotubes ◽  
Myotube Hypertrophy ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Made In

Myotubes are mature muscle cells that form the basic structural element of skeletal muscle. When stretching skeletal muscles, myotubes are subjected to passive tension as well. This lead to alterations in myotube cytophysiology, which could be related with muscular biomechanics. During the past decades, much progresses have been made in exploring biomechanical properties of myotubes in vitro. In this review, we integrated the studies focusing on cultured myotubes being mechanically stretched, and classified these studies into several categories: amino acid and glucose uptake, protein turnover, myotube hypertrophy and atrophy, maturation, alignment, secretion of cytokines, cytoskeleton adaption, myotube damage, ion channel activation, and oxidative stress in myotubes. These biomechanical adaptions do not occur independently, but interconnect with each other as part of the systematic mechanoresponse of myotubes. The purpose of this review is to broaden our comprehensions of stretch-induced muscular alterations in cellular and molecular scales, and to point out future challenges and directions in investigating myotube biomechanical manifestations.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium Pathogenicity and Virulence

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha Bouzid ◽  
Paul R. Hunter ◽  
Rachel M. Chalmers ◽  
Kevin M. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts. Several studies have reported different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence amongCryptosporidiumspecies and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. The identification and validation ofCryptosporidiumvirulence factors have been hindered by the renowned difficulties pertaining to thein vitroculture and genetic manipulation of this parasite. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in identifying putative virulence factors forCryptosporidium. This progress has been accelerated since the publication of theCryptosporidium parvumandC. hominisgenomes, with the characterization of over 25 putative virulence factors identified by using a variety of immunological and molecular techniques and which are proposed to be involved in aspects of host-pathogen interactions from adhesion and locomotion to invasion and proliferation. Progress has also been made in the contribution of host factors that are associated with variations in both the severity and risk of infection. Here we provide a review comprised of the current state of knowledge onCryptosporidiuminfectivity, pathogenesis, and transmissibility in light of our contemporary understanding of microbial virulence.

Recent progress on stability issues of organic–inorganic hybrid lead perovskite-based solar cells

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (92) ◽  
pp. 89356-89366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Peizhe Liao ◽  
Xuxia Shai ◽  
Wenchao Huang ◽  
Shaungshuang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Halide Perovskite ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Made In

Over the past few years, substantial progress has been made in research on organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells.

Recent Findings in Molecular Basis of Inflammation and Anti-inflammatory Plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1551-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Kazemi ◽  
Hedayatollah Shirzad ◽  
Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Made In

Inflammation is one of the most important body responses provided by the immune system since it ensures survival when tissues are affected by injuries or infections. The inflammatory response is an important process for maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation does not have a useful impact. Prevention and suppression of inflammation are necessary to reduce patient suffering and to preserve the integrity of multiple organs. Unfortunately, commercial available anti-inflammatory drugs are not free from side effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for introducing potent, nontoxic or less toxic antiinflammatory drugs. Recently, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of inflammatory mechanisms which may open new avenues for the preparation of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Medicinal plants are also promising sources for preparation of such novel drugs. Taking into consideration the anti-inflammatory activities of a large group of medicinal plants, this article, in addition to describing recent advances in progress in understanding the molecular basis of inflammation, presents the most important medicinal plants with antiinflammatory activity.

scholarly journals Hyperloop Academic Research: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5951
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Gkoumas
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Scopus Database ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In

Hyperloop is a proposed very high-speed ground transportation system for both passenger and freight that has the potential to be revolutionary, and which has attracted much attention in the last few years. The concept was introduced in its modern form relatively recently, yet substantial progress has been made in the past years, with research and development taking place globally, from several Hyperloop companies and academics. This study examined the status of Hyperloop development and identified issues and challenges by means of a systematic review that analyzed 157 documents from the Scopus database on Hyperloop since 2014. Following that, a taxonomy of topics from scientific research was built under different physical and operational clusters. The findings could be of help to transportation academics and professionals who are interested in the developments in the field, and form the basis for policy decisions for the future implementation of Hyperloop.

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