scholarly journals Building a Flower: The Influence of Cell Wall Composition on Flower Development and Reproduction

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
José Erik Cruz-Valderrama ◽  
Judith Jazmin Bernal-Gallardo ◽  
Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo ◽  
Stefan de Folter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Main Components ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Wall Components

Floral patterning is a complex task. Various organs and tissues must be formed to fulfill reproductive functions. Flower development has been studied, mainly looking for master regulators. However, downstream changes such as the cell wall composition are relevant since they allow cells to divide, differentiate, and grow. In this review, we focus on the main components of the primary cell wall—cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins—to describe how enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, modifications, and degradation of cell wall components are related to the formation of the floral organs. Additionally, internal and external stimuli participate in the genetic regulation that modulates the activity of cell wall remodeling proteins.

scholarly journals Feeding the Walls: How Does Nutrient Availability Regulate Cell Wall Composition?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ogden ◽  
Rainer Hoefgen ◽  
Ute Roessner ◽  
Staffan Persson ◽  
Ghazanfar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Wall Components

Nutrients are critical for plants to grow and develop, and nutrient depletion severely affects crop yield. In order to optimize nutrient acquisition, plants adapt their growth and root architecture. Changes in growth are determined by modifications in the cell walls surrounding every plant cell. The plant cell wall, which is largely composed of complex polysaccharides, is essential for plants to attain their shape and to protect cells against the environment. Within the cell wall, cellulose strands form microfibrils that act as a framework for other wall components, including hemicelluloses, pectins, proteins, and, in some cases, callose, lignin, and suberin. Cell wall composition varies, depending on cell and tissue type. It is governed by synthesis, deposition and remodeling of wall components, and determines the physical and structural properties of the cell wall. How nutrient status affects cell wall synthesis and organization, and thus plant growth and morphology, remains poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize and synthesize research on the adaptation of root cell walls in response to nutrient availability and the potential role of cell walls in nutrient sensing.

scholarly journals The Placenta of Physcomitrium patens: Transfer Cell Wall Polymers Compared across the Three Bryophyte Groups

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Jason S. Henry ◽  
Karen S. Renzaglia
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Transfer Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

Following similar studies of cell wall constituents in the placenta of Phaeoceros and Marchantia, we conducted immunogold labeling TEM studies of Physcomitrium patens to determine the composition of cell wall polymers in transfer cells on both sides of the placenta. Sixteen monoclonal antibodies were used to localize cell wall epitopes in the basal walls and wall ingrowths in this moss. In general, placental transfer cell walls of P. patens contained fewer pectins and far fewer arabinogalactan proteins AGPs than those of the hornwort and liverwort. P. patens also lacked the differential labeling that is pronounced between generations in the other bryophytes. In contrast, transfer cell walls on either side of the placenta of P. patens were relatively similar in composition, with slight variation in homogalacturonan HG pectins. Compositional similarities between wall ingrowths and primary cell walls in P. patens suggest that wall ingrowths may simply be extensions of the primary cell wall. Considerable variability in occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers among the three bryophytes and between the two generations suggested that similarity in function and morphology of cell walls does not require a common cell wall composition. We propose that the specific developmental and life history traits of these plants may provide even more important clues in understanding the basis for these differences. This study significantly builds on our knowledge of cell wall composition in bryophytes in general and in transfer cells across plants.

scholarly journals Inactivation of the pgmA Gene in Streptococcus mutans Significantly Decreases Biofilm-Associated Antimicrobial Tolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Nilsson ◽  
Michael Givskov ◽  
Svante Twetman ◽  
Tim Tolker-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Mutant Library ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Wall Components

Screening of a Streptococcus mutans mutant library indicated that pgmA mutants displayed a reduced biofilm-associated tolerance toward gentamicin. The biofilms formed by the S. mutans pgmA mutant also displayed decreased tolerance towards linezolid and vancomycin compared to wild-type biofilms. On the contrary, the resistance of planktonic S. mutans pgmA cells to gentamycin, linezolid, and vancomycin was more similar to wild-type levels. Investigations of biofilms grown in microtiter trays and on submerged glass slides showed that pgmA mutants formed roughly the same amount of biofilm as the wild type, indicating that the reduced antimicrobial tolerance of these mutants is not due to diminished biofilm formation. The pgmA gene product is known to be involved in the synthesis of precursors for cell wall components such as teichoic acids and membrane glycolipids. Accordingly, the S. mutans pgmA mutant showed increased sensitivity to Congo Red, indicating that it has impaired cell wall integrity. A changed cell wall composition of the S. mutans pgmA mutant may play a role in the increased sensitivity of S. mutans pgmA biofilms toward antibiotics.

Cell Walls of the Phycobionts Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia: Constituents and Their Localization

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. König ◽  
E. Peveling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Recognition Mechanism ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Polysaccharide Layer ◽  
Wall Components

AbstractThe cell wall composition of several species of the lichen phycobionts Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia has been investigated using gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography and infrared absorption spectrophotometry. In addition cell wall components (cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, sporopollenin, protein) were localized with cytochemical methods at the EM- level. The cell walls of Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia consist of several layers. In Trebouxia the inner layer (Si) consists mainly of cellulose, then followed by a non-cellulosic polysaccharide layer (S2), a sporopollenin-layer (S3) and an outer layer consisting again of a non-cellulosic polysaccharide (S4). In addition Trebouxia is surrounded by a sheath (a polysaccharide with species-specific terminal residues). In Pseudotrebouxia the cell wall is similarly constructed compared to Trebouxia, however, the sheath is lacking and the S4 layer contains a polysaccharide with species-specific terminal sugar residues. The role of the different cell wall constituents for the recognition mechanism between the lichen symbionts is discussed.

Remodelling of cell wall composition during leaf development in Lavoisiera mucorifera (Melastomataceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Kleber Resende Silva ◽  
Vinícius Coelho Kuster ◽  
Ana Flávia de Melo Silva ◽  
Denis Coelho de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Calcofluor White ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Wall Components

How does the deposition of cell wall components structure cell shape and function during leaf ontogenesis? Although this issue has been the subject of several studies, a wide variety of standards have been reported and many knowledge gaps remain. In this study we evaluated cell wall composition in leaf tissues of Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae) regarding cellulose, pectin (homogalacturonans (HGs) and rhamnogalacturonans I (RGI)) and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) distribution during ontogenesis. Leaf primordium, as well as young and mature leaves, were submitted to histochemical analysis using calcofluor white and ruthenium red, and immunocytochemical analysis using primary monoclonal antibodies (JIM5, JIM7, LM2, LM5 and LM6). Results showed that the distribution of cell wall components depends on tissue and leaf developmental stage. At the beginning of cell differentiation in the leaf primordium, two main patterns of cellulose microfibril orientation occur: perpendicular and random. This initial microfibril arrangement determines final cell shape and leaf tissue functionality in mature leaves. During leaf development, especially in epidermal and collenchyma cells, the association of HGs with low methyl-esterified groups and cellulose guarantees mechanical support. As a result, cell wall properties, such as rigidity and porosity, may also be acquired by changes in cell wall composition and are associated with morphogenetic patterns in L. mucorifera.

scholarly journals Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Gu ◽  
Carolyn G Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Correct Location ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Cell Wall Components in Normal and Disordered Juice Vesicles of Grapefruit

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Soo Hwang ◽  
D.J. Huber ◽  
L.G. Albrigo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wall Components

Cell wall composition and structure were examined in visually normal (N), granulated (G), and collapsed (VC) juice vesicles of `Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) Macf.). According to gel-filtration data, VC appeared to be associated with a modification of water-soluble (WSP) and chelate-soluble (CSP) pectin molecular weight (Mr); small-Mr pectins increased, whereas large-J4. pectins decreased. The difference in M= of pectins did not appear to be mediated by polygalacturonases. Molecular weight of hemicelluloses did not differ. Granulated vesicles contained about two times more structural polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelhdose, and cellulose) than N vesicles, although hemicellulose and pectin M= modification were absent. Ion-exchange profiles of WSP, CSP, and hemicelhrlose fractions of VC and G vesicles were not different from those of N vesicles. Individual cells in vesicles with G and these vesicles themselves were much larger than those of N vesicles, whereas cells in VC were partially or completely collapsed.

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Primary Cell Wall Composition in Arabidopsis

2006 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 1035-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Mouille ◽  
Hanna Witucka-Wall ◽  
Marie-Pierre Bruyant ◽  
Olivier Loudet ◽  
Sandra Pelletier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Trait Loci
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