scholarly journals Asymmetric Isolation and the Evolution of Behaviors Influencing Dispersal: Rheotaxis of Guppies above Waterfalls

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Léa Blondel ◽  
Sandra Klemet-N’Guessan ◽  
Marilyn E. Scott ◽  
Andrew P. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Evolution Of Dispersal ◽  
Strong Selection ◽  
Excellent Opportunity ◽  
Dispersal Traits ◽  
Two Populations

Populations that are asymmetrically isolated, such as above waterfalls, can sometimes export emigrants in a direction from which they do not receive immigrants, and thus provide an excellent opportunity to study the evolution of dispersal traits. We investigated the rheotaxis of guppies above barrier waterfalls in the Aripo and Turure rivers in Trinidad—the later having been introduced in 1957 from a below-waterfall population in another drainage. We predicted that, as a result of strong selection against downstream emigration, both of these above-waterfall populations should show strong positive rheotaxis. Matching these expectations, both populations expressed high levels of positive rheotaxis, possibly reflecting contemporary (rapid) evolution in the introduced Turure population. However, the two populations used different behaviors to achieve the same performance of strong positive rheotaxis, as has been predicted in the case of multiple potential evolutionary solutions to the same functional challenge (i.e., “many-to-one mapping”). By contrast, we did not find any difference in rheotactic behavior above versus below waterfalls on a small scale within either river, suggesting constraints on adaptive divergence on such scales.

scholarly journals Rapid, ultra-local adaptation facilitated by phenotypic plasticity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuan-Jyun Sun ◽  
Andrew M. Catherall ◽  
Sonia Pascoal ◽  
Benjamin J. M. Jarrett ◽  
Sara E. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Burying Beetles ◽  
Genetic Accommodation ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides

AbstractModels of ‘plasticity-first’ evolution are attractive because they explain the rapid evolution of new complex adaptations. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether plasticity can still facilitate rapid evolution when diverging populations are connected by gene flow. Here we show how plasticity has generated adaptive divergence in fecundity in wild populations of burying beetlesNicrophorus vespilloides, which are still connected by gene flow, which occupy distinct Cambridgeshire woodlands that are just 2.5km apart and which diverged from a common ancestral population c. 1000-4000 years ago. We show that adaptive divergence is duetothe coupling of an evolved increase in the elevation of the reaction norm linking clutch size to carrion size (i.e. genetic accommodation) with plastic secondary elimination of surplus offspring. Working in combination, these two processes have facilitated rapid adaptation to fine-scale environmental differences, despite ongoing gene flow.

The evolution of dispersal traits based on diaspore features in South American populations of Senecio madagascariensis (Asteraceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Dematteis ◽  
María S. Ferrucci ◽  
Juan P. Coulleri
Keyword(s):  
Plant Invasion ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
South American ◽  
Evolution Of Dispersal ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Dispersal Traits ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Brazilian Populations

Plant invasion success is influenced by several driving factors such as the dispersal, environmental conditions and the species characteristics. In wind dispersed plants, the dispersal traits and the altitude are key for predicting dispersal ability. In this work, we estimated this feature in Senecio madagascariensis invasive populations from Argentina and Brazil using diaspore traits to understand its dynamics. Our results show that dispersal is strongly affected by the geographic conditions. We observed that in Argentinian populations growing at higher altitudes, selection favours larger seeds, which might favour seedling establishment over of longer dispersal distance. Conversely, populations grouped in lower altitudes show higher dispersal ability, probably due to the adaptation to environment and assortment of the better dispersal genotypes. In contrast, the Brazilian populations display rapid dispersal ability due to recent colonisation and multiple introductions. The variability in the gene pool could facilitate the occurrence of genotypes with greater dispersal, which could explain why these populations display greater dispersal ability than the Argentine ones. In conclusion, the phenotypic response to geographic conditions and the population density play an important role in the dispersion strategies in S. madagascariensis.

scholarly journals Metabolic depression and the evolution of hypoxia tolerance in threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 20170392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Regan ◽  
Ivan S. Gill ◽  
Jeffrey G. Richards
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Trout Lake ◽  
Two Populations

Anthropogenic increases in global temperature and agricultural runoff are increasing the prevalence of aquatic hypoxia throughout the world. We investigated the potential for a relatively rapid evolution of hypoxia tolerance using two isolated (for less than 11 000 years) populations of threespine stickleback: one from a lake that experiences long-term hypoxia (Alta Lake, British Columbia) and one from a lake that does not (Trout Lake, British Columbia). Loss-of-equilibrium (LOE) experiments revealed that the Alta Lake stickleback were significantly more tolerant of hypoxia than the Trout Lake stickleback, and calorimetry experiments revealed that the enhanced tolerance of Alta Lake stickleback may be associated with their ability to depress metabolic rate (as indicated by metabolic heat production) by 33% in hypoxia. The two populations showed little variation in their capacities for O 2 extraction and anaerobic metabolism. These results reveal that intraspecific variation in hypoxia tolerance can develop over relatively short geological timescales, as can metabolic rate depression, a complex biochemical response that may be favoured in long-term hypoxic environments.

Adaptive divergence in wine yeasts and their wild relatives suggests a prominent role for introgressions and rapid evolution at noncoding sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2167-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Almeida ◽  
Raquel Barbosa ◽  
Douda Bensasson ◽  
Paula Gonçalves ◽  
José Paulo Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Wine Yeasts

scholarly journals Rapid evolution by spontaneous mutation increases genetic diversity facilitating plant population survival

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Nottebrock ◽  
Mao-Lun Weng ◽  
Matthew T Rutter ◽  
Charles B. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Population Survival ◽  
Population And Community Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Using a mechanistic eco-evolutionary trait-based neighborhood-model, we quantify the impact of mutations on spatial interactions to better understand the potential effect of niche evolution through mutations on the population dynamics of Arabidopsis thaliana. We use 100 twenty-fifth generation mutation accumulation (MA) lines (genotypes) derived from one founder genotype to study mutational effects on neighbor responses in a field experiment. We created individual-based maps (15,000 individuals), including phenotypic variation, to quantify mutational effects within genotypes versus between genotypes on reproduction and survival. At small-scale, survival is enhanced but reproduction is decreased when a genotype is surrounded by different genotypes. At large-scale, seed set is facilitated by different genotypes while the same genotype has either no effect or negative effects. Mutations may provide a mechanism for plants to quickly evolve niches and may drive competition, facilitation and selection with profound consequences for future population and community dynamics.

scholarly journals Dispersal evolution diminishes the negative density dependence in dispersal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Mishra ◽  
Partha Pratim Chakraborty ◽  
Sutirth Dey
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Spatial Spread ◽  
Dispersal Traits ◽  
Evolution Study ◽  
Negative Density Dependence ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Dispersal Evolution

ABSTRACTIn many organisms, dispersal varies with the local population density. Such patterns of density-dependent dispersal (DDD) are expected to shape the dynamics, spatial spread and invasiveness of populations. Despite their ecological importance, empirical evidence for the evolution of DDD patterns remains extremely scarce. This is especially relevant because rapid evolution of dispersal traits has now been empirically confirmed in several taxa. Changes in DDD of dispersing populations could help clarify not only the role of DDD in dispersal evolution, but also the possible pattern of subsequent range expansion. Here, we investigate the relationship between dispersal evolution and DDD using a long-term experimental evolution study on Drosophila melanogaster. We compared the DDD patterns of four dispersal-selected populations and their non-selected controls. The control populations showed negative DDD, which was stronger in females than in males. In contrast, the dispersal-selected populations showed density-independent dispersal, where neither males nor females exhibited DDD. We compare our results with previous evolutionary predictions that focused largely on positive DDD, and highlight how the direction of evolutionary change depends on the initial DDD pattern of a population. Finally, we discuss the implications of DDD evolution for spatial ecology and evolution.

scholarly journals Genomic signatures of rapid adaptive divergence in a tropical montane species

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 20210089
Author(s):  
Per G. P. Ericson ◽  
Martin Irestedt ◽  
Huishang She ◽  
Yanhua Qu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Tropical Mountain ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
Allopatric Divergence ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Two Populations

Mountain regions contain extraordinary biodiversity. The environmental heterogeneity and glacial cycles often accelerate speciation and adaptation of montane species, but how these processes influence the genomic differentiation of these species is largely unknown. Using a novel chromosome-level genome and population genomic comparisons, we study allopatric divergence and selection in an iconic bird living in a tropical mountain region in New Guinea, Archbold's bowerbird ( Amblyornis papuensis ). Our results show that the two populations inhabiting the eastern and western Central Range became isolated ca 11 800 years ago, probably because the suitable habitats for this cold-tolerating bird decreased when the climate got warmer. Our genomic scans detect that genes in highly divergent genomic regions are over-represented in developmental processes, which is probably associated with the observed differences in body size between the populations. Overall, our results suggest that environmental differences between the eastern and western Central Range probably drive adaptive divergence between them.

scholarly journals Niche expansion leads to small-scale adaptive divergence along an elevation gradient in a medium-sized passerine bird

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1647) ◽  
pp. 2155-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E McCormack ◽  
Thomas B Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Niche Expansion ◽  
Aphelocoma Ultramarina ◽  
Pine Cones

Niche expansion can lead to adaptive differentiation and speciation, but there are few examples from contemporary niche expansions about how this process is initiated. We assess the consequences of a niche expansion by Mexican jays ( Aphelocoma ultramarina ) along an elevation gradient. We predicted that jays at high elevation would have straighter bills adapted to feeding on pine cones, whereas jays at low elevation would have hooked bills adapted to feeding on acorns. We measured morphological and genetic variation of 95 adult jays and found significant differences in hook length between elevations in accordance with predictions, a pattern corroborated by analysis at the regional scale. Genetic results from microsatellite and mtDNA variation support phenotypic differentiation in the presence of gene flow coupled with weak, but detectable genetic differentiation between high- and low-elevation populations. These results demonstrate that niche expansion can lead to adaptive divergence despite gene flow between parapatric populations along an elevation gradient, providing information on a key precursor to ecological speciation.

scholarly journals Deviations from Taylor’s frozen hypothesis and scaling laws in inhomogeneous jet flows

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukesh Roy ◽  
Joseph D. Miller ◽  
Gemunu H. Gunaratne
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Jet Flows ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatially Resolved

AbstractDifficulties in studying turbulent flows stem, in part, from the lack of high-frequency, high-resolution measurements to interrogate small-scale structures and their rapid evolution. We present analysis of data from experiments employing a burst-mode laser system to capture both spatially resolved velocity fields and their dynamics using high-resolution particle image velocimetry measurements at 100 kHz. We show directly that velocity fluctuations in axisymmetric jet flows are inhomogeneous and anisotropic. The peak of the time-delayed cross correlation function decays exponentially in time and its velocity is smaller than the convection velocity; thus, Taylor’s frozen hypothesis fails to generalize for these inhomogeneous flows. Structure functions are isotropic only at small distances. They exhibit extended self-similarity, but no inertial range is found where the Kolmogorov $$\frac{2}{3}$$ 2 3 -law is satisfied. Spectral-energy density of the flow, although anisotropic, is consistent with the Kolmogorov–Obukhov $$\frac{5}{3}$$ 5 3 -law in the flow direction.

scholarly journals Adaptation Insights from Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Opisthopappus Species in the Taihang Mountains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Chen ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
En Zang ◽  
Zhi-Xia Liu ◽  
Ya-Fei Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Nucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Opisthopappus Taihangensis

Abstract Opisthopappus is a major wild source of Asteraceae with good cold and drought resistance. Two species of this genus (Opisthopappus taihangensis and Opisthopappus longilobus) have been employed as model systems to address the evolutionary history of perennial herb biomes in the Taihang Mountains of China. However, further studies on the adaptive divergence processes of these two species are currently impeded by the lack of genomic resources. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, a comparative analysis of these two species was conducted. Among the identified transcription factors, the bHLH members were most prevalent, which exhibited significantly different expression levels in the terpenoid metabolic pathway. O. longilobus revealed a higher expression than did O. taihangensis in terms of terpenes biosynthesis and metabolism, particularly regarding monoterpenoids and diterpenoids. Analyses of the positive selection genes (PSGs) identified from O. taihangensis and O. longilobus, 1203 genes were found that related to adaptative divergence, which were under rapid evolution and/or have signs of positive selection. Different PSG expressions occurred primarily in the mitochondrial electron transport, starch degradation, secondary metabolism, as well as nucleotide synthesis and S-metabolism pathway processes. Two PSGs were obviously differentially expressed in terpenes biosynthesis that might result in the fragrances divergence between O. longilobus and O. taihangensis, which would provide insights as to how the two species adapted to different environments, characterized by sub-humid warm temperate and temperate continental monsoon climates. The comparative analysis for these two species of Opisthopappus not only revealed how the divergence occurred from molecular perspective, but also provided novel insights into how differential adaptations occurred in Taihang Mountains.

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