Adaptive divergence in wine yeasts and their wild relatives suggests a prominent role for introgressions and rapid evolution at noncoding sites

Pedro Almeida; Raquel Barbosa; Douda Bensasson; Paula Gonçalves; José Paulo Sampaio

doi:10.1111/mec.14071

Rapid, ultra-local adaptation facilitated by phenotypic plasticity

10.1101/598292 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Syuan-Jyun Sun ◽

Andrew M. Catherall ◽

Sonia Pascoal ◽

Benjamin J. M. Jarrett ◽

Sara E. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Reaction Norm ◽

Ancestral Population ◽

Adaptive Divergence ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Rapid Adaptation ◽

Burying Beetles ◽

Genetic Accommodation ◽

Nicrophorus Vespilloides

AbstractModels of ‘plasticity-first’ evolution are attractive because they explain the rapid evolution of new complex adaptations. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether plasticity can still facilitate rapid evolution when diverging populations are connected by gene flow. Here we show how plasticity has generated adaptive divergence in fecundity in wild populations of burying beetlesNicrophorus vespilloides, which are still connected by gene flow, which occupy distinct Cambridgeshire woodlands that are just 2.5km apart and which diverged from a common ancestral population c. 1000-4000 years ago. We show that adaptive divergence is duetothe coupling of an evolved increase in the elevation of the reaction norm linking clutch size to carrion size (i.e. genetic accommodation) with plastic secondary elimination of surplus offspring. Working in combination, these two processes have facilitated rapid adaptation to fine-scale environmental differences, despite ongoing gene flow.

Download Full-text

Adaptation Insights from Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two Opisthopappus Species in the Taihang Mountains

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1023687/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ning Chen ◽

Hao Zhang ◽

En Zang ◽

Zhi-Xia Liu ◽

Ya-Fei Lan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Positive Selection ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Model Systems ◽

Perennial Herb ◽

Starch Degradation ◽

Adaptive Divergence ◽

Nucleotide Synthesis ◽

Opisthopappus Taihangensis

Abstract Opisthopappus is a major wild source of Asteraceae with good cold and drought resistance. Two species of this genus (Opisthopappus taihangensis and Opisthopappus longilobus) have been employed as model systems to address the evolutionary history of perennial herb biomes in the Taihang Mountains of China. However, further studies on the adaptive divergence processes of these two species are currently impeded by the lack of genomic resources. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, a comparative analysis of these two species was conducted. Among the identified transcription factors, the bHLH members were most prevalent, which exhibited significantly different expression levels in the terpenoid metabolic pathway. O. longilobus revealed a higher expression than did O. taihangensis in terms of terpenes biosynthesis and metabolism, particularly regarding monoterpenoids and diterpenoids. Analyses of the positive selection genes (PSGs) identified from O. taihangensis and O. longilobus, 1203 genes were found that related to adaptative divergence, which were under rapid evolution and/or have signs of positive selection. Different PSG expressions occurred primarily in the mitochondrial electron transport, starch degradation, secondary metabolism, as well as nucleotide synthesis and S-metabolism pathway processes. Two PSGs were obviously differentially expressed in terpenes biosynthesis that might result in the fragrances divergence between O. longilobus and O. taihangensis, which would provide insights as to how the two species adapted to different environments, characterized by sub-humid warm temperate and temperate continental monsoon climates. The comparative analysis for these two species of Opisthopappus not only revealed how the divergence occurred from molecular perspective, but also provided novel insights into how differential adaptations occurred in Taihang Mountains.

Download Full-text

Convergent adaptation and ecological speciation result from unique genomic mechanisms in sympatric extremophile fishes

10.1101/2021.06.28.450104 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ryan S Greenway ◽

Anthony P Brown ◽

Henry Camarillo ◽

Cassandra Delich ◽

Kerry L McGowan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Isolation ◽

Convergent Evolution ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Nuclear Genome ◽

Genomic Islands ◽

Adaptive Divergence ◽

Biological Organization ◽

Genomic Level ◽

Multiple Levels

Divergent selection along ecological gradients can lead to speciation, and replicated speciation events occur when populations of multiple lineages undergo divergence following colonization of similar environments. In such instances, it remains unclear to what extent reproductive isolation evolves via convergent mechanisms at the genomic level due to biases in the types of systems typically used to study convergent evolution. We used a unique system in which three species of poeciliid fishes occur in sympatry in an extremely toxic, hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-rich spring and an adjacent nonsulfidic stream to examine shared patterns of adaptive divergence across multiple levels of biological organization. Despite extremely small spatial scales, we found strong genetic differentiation between populations in sulfidic and nonsulfidic habitats mediated by strong selection against migrants between habitat types. High levels of reproductive isolation were accompanied by convergent patterns of adaptation in morphological and physiological traits, as well as genome-wide patterns of gene expression across all three species. Furthermore, the mitochondrial genomes of each species exhibit shared signatures of selection on key genes involved in H2S toxicity. However, contrary to predictions of speciation theory, analyses of divergence across the nuclear genome neither revealed evidence for clear genomic islands of speciation nor substantial congruence of outlier regions across population pairs. Instead, heterogenous regions of divergence spread across the genome suggest that selection for polygenic physiological adaptations likely facilitated the rapid evolution of high levels of reproductive isolation. Overall, we demonstrate that substantial convergence across multiple levels of biological organization can be mediated by non-convergent modifications at the genomic level. By disentangling environmental variation in natural selection from lineage-specific evolution in this system of highly divergent, yet sympatric lineages, our results emphasize the outsized role of the genomic substrate upon which selection acts in driving convergent evolution at the phenotypic level.

Download Full-text

Temporal variation in skull size and shape in the southern brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus (Peramelidae:Marsupialia) in Western Australia

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo99047 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marie L. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Geographic Variation ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Adaptive Divergence ◽

Data Sets ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

Short Term ◽

Skull Morphology ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Short Period ◽

Source Populations

Isoodon obesulus exhibits geographic variation in body size and shape, which appears to be adaptive. The geographic range of this species is declining, so the presence of adaptive divergence is of concern for the conservation of this species, both in the long term (loss of diversity decreasing evolutionary potential) and short term (choice of source populations for translocations). In this study, skulls of I. obesulus, both recent (animals alive within the last 100 years) and fossil (a few thousand years old), were examined and a range of measurements obtained. Comparisons were made between the two data sets to see whether skull morphology has changed over this relatively short period. Such a change may indicate rapid evolution of these characters and therefore the potential for fast regeneration of any lost geographic variation. Fossil skulls were smaller than their recent counterparts, had shorter ‘snouts’ relative to skull width and depth, and displayed no geographic variation in size and shape, whereas recent skulls were geographically differentiated. Because of the apparent rapid evolution in these characters, the implications of adaptive variation in size and shape inI. obesulus with regard to its conservation may be strictly short term, since any geographic variation lost may be quickly recovered if suitable conditions exist.

Download Full-text

Asymmetric Isolation and the Evolution of Behaviors Influencing Dispersal: Rheotaxis of Guppies above Waterfalls

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11020180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Léa Blondel ◽

Sandra Klemet-N’Guessan ◽

Marilyn E. Scott ◽

Andrew P. Hendry

Keyword(s):

Rapid Evolution ◽

Adaptive Divergence ◽

Small Scale ◽

Evolution Of Dispersal ◽

Strong Selection ◽

Excellent Opportunity ◽

Dispersal Traits ◽

Two Populations

Populations that are asymmetrically isolated, such as above waterfalls, can sometimes export emigrants in a direction from which they do not receive immigrants, and thus provide an excellent opportunity to study the evolution of dispersal traits. We investigated the rheotaxis of guppies above barrier waterfalls in the Aripo and Turure rivers in Trinidad—the later having been introduced in 1957 from a below-waterfall population in another drainage. We predicted that, as a result of strong selection against downstream emigration, both of these above-waterfall populations should show strong positive rheotaxis. Matching these expectations, both populations expressed high levels of positive rheotaxis, possibly reflecting contemporary (rapid) evolution in the introduced Turure population. However, the two populations used different behaviors to achieve the same performance of strong positive rheotaxis, as has been predicted in the case of multiple potential evolutionary solutions to the same functional challenge (i.e., “many-to-one mapping”). By contrast, we did not find any difference in rheotactic behavior above versus below waterfalls on a small scale within either river, suggesting constraints on adaptive divergence on such scales.

Download Full-text

Metabolic signalling and the partitioning of resources in plant storage organs

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859699006978 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 243-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

NIGEL G. HALFORD

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Crop Plants ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Young Plant ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Cultivated Potato ◽

Metabolic Signalling ◽

Storage Organs ◽

Plant Storage

The most important harvested organs of crop plants, such as seeds, tubers and fruits, are often described as assimilate sinks. They play little or no part in the fixation of carbon through the production of sugars through photosynthesis, or in the uptake of nitrogen and sulphur, but import these assimilated resources to support metabolism and to store them in the form of starch, oils and proteins. Wild plants store resources in seeds and tubers to later support an emergent young plant. Cultivated crops are effectively storing resources to provide us with food and many have been bred to accumulate much more than would be required otherwise. For example, approximately 80% of a cultivated potato plant's dry weight is contained in its tubers, ten times the proportion in the tubers of its wild relatives (Inoue & Tanaka 1978). Cultivation and breeding has brought about a shift in the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen assimilate between the organs of the plant.

Download Full-text

The Glissonian Approach of the Hilum

Swiss Surgery ◽

10.1024/1023-9332.5.3.143 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 143-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Launois ◽

Maddern ◽

Tay

Keyword(s):

Portal Vein ◽

Hepatic Artery ◽

Posterior Approach ◽

Hepatic Duct ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Hepatic Tissue ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Porta Hepatis ◽

Liver Segment ◽

Glissonian Approach

The detailed knowledge of the segmental anatomy of the liver has led to a rapid evolution in resectional surgery based on the intrahepatic distribution of the portal trinity (the hepatic artery, hepatic duct and portal vein). The classical intrafascial or extrahepatic approach is to isolate the appropriate branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and the hepatic duct, outside the liver substance. Another method, the extrafascial approach, is to dissect the whole sheath of the pedicle directly after division of a substantial amount of the hepatic tissue to reach the pedicle, which is surrounded by a sheath, derived from Glisson's capsule. This Glissonian sheath encloses the portal trinity. In the transfissural or intrahepatic approach, these sheaths can be approached either anteriorly (after division of the main, right or umbilical fissure) or posteriorly from behind the porta hepatis. We describe the technique for approaching the Glissonian sheath and hence the hepatic pedicle structures and their branches by the intrahepatic posterior approach that allows early delineation of the liver segment without the need for ancillary techniques. In addition, the indications for the use of this technique in the technical and oncologic settings are also discussed.

Download Full-text